13.8 How to specify alternate text

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2 13.8 How to specify alternate text Attribute definitions alt = text [p.50] [CS] [p.49] For user agents that cannot display images, forms, or applets, this attribute specifies alternate text. The language of the alternate text is specified by the lang attribute. Several non-textual elements (IMG, AREA, APPLET, and INPUT) let authors specify alternate text to serve as content when the element cannot be rendered normally. Specifying alternate text assists users without graphic display terminals, users whose browsers don t support forms, visually impaired users, those who use speech synthesizers, those who have configured their graphical user agents not to display images, etc. The alt attribute must be specified for the IMG and AREA elements. It is optional for the INPUT and APPLET elements. While alternate text may be very helpful, it must be handled with care. Authors should observe the following guidelines: Do not specify irrelevant alternate text when including images intended to format a page, for instance, alt="red ball" would be inappropriate for an image that adds a red ball for decorating a heading or paragraph. In such cases, the alternate text should be the empty string (""). Authors are in any case advised to avoid using images to format pages; style sheets should be used instead. Do not specify meaningless alternate text (e.g., "dummy text"). Not only will this frustrate users, it will slow down user agents that must convert text to speech or braille output.

3 2.3.2 Accessibility As the Web community grows and its members diversify in their abilities and skills, it is crucial that the underlying technologies be appropriate to their specific needs. HTML has been designed to make Web pages more accessible to those with physical limitations. HTML 4 developments inspired by concerns for accessibility include: Better distinction between document structure and presentation, thus encouraging the use of style sheets instead of HTML presentation elements and attributes. Better forms, including the addition of access keys, the ability to group form controls semantically, the ability to group SELECT options semantically, and active labels. The ability to markup a text description of an included object (with the OBJECT element). A new client-side image map mechanism (the MAP element) that allows authors to integrate image and text links. The requirement that alternate text accompany images included with the IMG element and image maps included with the AREA element. Support for the title and lang attributes on all elements. Support for the ABBR and ACRONYM elements. A wider range of target media (tty, braille, etc.) for use with style sheets. Better tables, including captions, column groups, and mechanisms to facilitate non-visual rendering. Long descriptions of tables, images, frames, etc.

4 7.4.3 The title attribute Attribute definitions title = text [p.50] [CS] [p.49] This attribute offers advisory information about the element for which it is set. Unlike the TITLE element, which provides information about an entire document and may only appear once, the title attribute may annotate any number of elements. Please consult an element s definition to verify that it supports this attribute. Values of the title attribute may be rendered by user agents in a variety of ways. For instance, visual browsers frequently display the title as a "tool tip" (a short message that appears when the pointing device pauses over an object). Audio user agents may speak the title information in a similar context. For example, setting the attribute on a link allows user agents (visual and non-visual) to tell users about the nature of the linked resource:...some text... Here s a photo of <A href=" title="me scuba diving"> me scuba diving last summer </A>...some more text...

5 Name Related Elements Index of Attributes Legend: Deprecated, Loose DTD, Frameset DTD Type Default Depr. DTD Comment alt [p.181] APPLET %Text; [p.281] #IMPLIED D L short description alt [p.181] AREA, IMG %Text; [p.266] #REQUIRED short description alt [p.181] INPUT CDATA [p.50] #IMPLIED short description title [p.63] All elements but BASE, BASEFONT, HEAD, HTML, META, PARAM, SCRIPT, TITLE %Text; [p.266] #IMPLIED advisory title

6 9.2.1 Phrase elements: EM, STRONG, DFN, CODE, SAMP, KBD, VAR, CITE, ABBR, and ACRONYM The ABBR and ACRONYM elements allow authors to clearly indicate occurrences of abbreviations and acronyms. Western languages make extensive use of acronyms such as "GmbH", "NATO", and "F.B.I.", as well as abbreviations like "M.", "Inc.", "et al.", "etc.". Both Chinese and Japanese use analogous abbreviation mechanisms, wherein a long name is referred to subsequently with a subset of the Han characters from the original occurrence. Marking up these constructs provides useful information to user agents and tools such as spell checkers, speech synthesizers, translation systems and search-engine indexers. The content of the ABBR and ACRONYM elements specifies the abbreviated expression itself, as it would normally appear in running text. The title attribute of these elements may be used to provide the full or expanded form of the expression. Here are some sample uses of ABBR: <P> <ABBR title="world Wide Web">WWW</ABBR> <ABBR lang="fr" title="société Nationale des Chemins de Fer"> SNCF </ABBR> <ABBR lang="es" title="doña">doña</abbr> <ABBR title="abbreviation">abbr.</abbr>

7 Table cells: The TH and TD elements <!ELEMENT (TH TD) - O (%flow;)* -- table header cell, table data cell--> <!-- Scope is simpler than headers attribute for common tables --> <!ENTITY % Scope "(row col rowgroup colgroup)"> <!-- TH is for headers, TD for data, but for cells acting as both use TD --> <!ATTLIST (TH TD) -- header or data cell -- %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- abbr %Text; #IMPLIED -- abbreviation for header cell -- axis CDATA #IMPLIED -- comma-separated list of related headers-- headers IDREFS #IMPLIED -- list of id s for header cells -- scope %Scope; #IMPLIED -- scope covered by header cells -- rowspan NUMBER 1 -- number of rows spanned by cell -- colspan NUMBER 1 -- number of cols spanned by cell -- %cellhalign; -- horizontal alignment in cells -- %cellvalign; -- vertical alignment in cells -- >

8 7.5.4 Grouping elements: the DIV and SPAN elements <!ELEMENT DIV - - (%flow;)* -- generic language/style container --> <!ATTLIST DIV %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- > <!ELEMENT SPAN - - (%inline;)* -- generic language/style container --> <!ATTLIST SPAN %attrs; -- %coreattrs, %i18n, %events -- > Start tag: required, End tag: required Attributes defined elsewhere id, class (document-wide identifiers [p.71] ) lang (language information [p.79] ), dir (text direction [p.82] ) title (element title [p.63] ) style (inline style information [p.186] )

9 Date: Fri, 22 Nov :41: To: Dave Raggett From: Jacob Palme Subject: Contradiction in the HTML 4.01 specification on the TITLE attribute Status: RO On page 23, the HTML 4.01 specification says: Support for the title and lang attributes on all elements. On page 63, the same specification says: Please consult an element's definition to verify that it supports this attribute. These two statements seem to me to be contradictory. The first says that all elements can have a title attribute, the second statement implies that not all elements can have a title attribute. Which is true?

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