Introduction. Abstract

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1 TESTLAB Library Services for Visually Impaired Students in Austria Franz Burger Educational Endeavour Computer Science for Blind Students Institute for Applied Computer Science University of Linz Abstract Access to library catalogues and electronic documents as well as the provision of study literature in alternative formats for visually impaired students requires special services to be offered from university libraries. Libraries offering services for visually impaired students have to install and maintain workstations equipped with adaptive technology and to provide training and support for both librarians and users. Furthermore, co-ordination and cooperation with other institutions providing similar services is needed for improvement of quality and efficient use of resources. In the TESTLAB project the Austrian team initiated several activities to reach a common level of quality among Austrian university libraries. A network which allows better coordination and co-operation has been established. Visually impaired students benefit from direct access to library catalogues and more efficient provision of study literature. Introduction In 1996 the EU-funded project TESTLAB (Testing Systems using Telematics for Library Access for Blind and visually handicapped readers) started. The goal of the project is to install adapted workstations in libraries for use by visually impaired readers and then evaluate their effectiveness. In five countries and eighteen libraries adapted workstations have been installed to allow blind and visually handicapped readers to access catalogues, networks, databases and electronic documents. In all cases the developments are based on user needs. An analysis will be made of the user responses (users include the librarians). TESTLAB will provide extended real experience in public and academic libraries of ways in which the target group can be given access to what the sighted take for granted. Not only will the project provide direct benefit to the users of the test sites but will be a model to all other library systems as to how visually handicapped readers can be served. The Educational Endeavour Computer Science for Blind Students from the University of Linz is the co-ordinator for the Austrian workpackage. The overall goal of this workpackage is to establish and improve basic services for visually impaired users at several university libraries. This paper gives an overview of the identified issues and how these have been tackled by activities initiated within the TESTLAB project.

2 Austrian University Libraries Currently eight university libraries in Austria provide special services for visually impaired students. All of them at least provide adapted workstations equipped with adaptive access technology like braille display, speech output, screen magnification, scanner and optical character recognition (OCR). Four university libraries also provide transcription services for their students. The workstations which are installed at the Austrian university libraries meet the following hardware specification: IBM-compatible personal computer (486 or higher) with a minimum of 16 MB RAM (32 MB recommended) LAN/Internet connection high-resolution, large-scale monitor (21 inches ) braille display flatbed scanner braille printer Devices for synthetic speech output are currently available at nearly all workstations at the Austrian test sites. In addition to the hardware equipment different standard software (e.g. word processor, OCR software, client, web browser, telnet client) and specific accessibility software (e.g. screen reader, screen magnification) is provided. The basic operating system is MS-DOS v6.22 and either Win3.11 or Windows95 is used as graphical user interface. Special library services for visually impaired students can only be provided if someone is responsible for running and maintaining the workstations and for teaching the students how to use these services. It is up to the library to decide in which way they want to manage this task. Several models are currently realised: 1. The library provides a librarian who is the primary contact point for visually impaired students asking for literature. These librarians are usually also responsible for running the workstation. They also transcribe books and other literature into digital format. This model works now for three libraries. Other libraries try to follow this model. 2. At the university of Linz the special library services are provided by a special support centre, Computer Science for Blind Students. The goal of the support centre is to offer visually impaired students the same studying conditions as the sighted have. The library services and transcription of literature is a basic task of the support centre. 3. In Innsbruck library services are organised by visually impaired students themselves. The library provides only the equipment. The organisation and maintenance of the workstations is done by 2

3 students. Although, this model at first sight might look as the most flexible and cheapest, it still has to prove its suitability over a longer period. However, what cannot guaranteed is some level of permanency and quality in comparison to the other two models. Issues & Problems From several years experience in supporting students at our university and from our work in the TESTLAB project we identified the following main issues in this area of special library services: Installation and Maintenance of Adaptive Equipment The installation of complex and sophisticated adaptive equipment and software requires experienced computer staff. The installation usually has to be done by the provider company. However, what happens if a new release of the operating system or just another piece of software has been installed which causes a conflict with one of the installed components? The experience has shown that the support staff from the libraries computing centre in most cases requires support from external adaptive technology specialists. Training of Librarians & Users The training needs of visually impaired users and librarians in charge of adapted workstations are higher than those of normal users and can be split into three levels: 1. Adaptive technologies 2. Basic operating system/graphical user interface 3. Specific application programs The first level is provided in an introductory way by the provider of the adaptive technology. In fact, this is in most cases insufficient. Adaptive technology like braille displays, screen readers for graphical user interfaces, or screen magnification software are complex sub-systems themselves. Computer training for visually impaired readers can only be provided by trainers covering all three levels. Co-ordination & Co-operation between Libraries The transcription of printed books into electronic format is a very time- and cost-intensive task. Since the resources for transcription of literature are limited it is necessary to share the information which titles are already available or in process. It must be possible to distribute transcription jobs to those libraries where capacities are free. If not, demands for study literature cannot be fulfilled in time. Another important point is the exchange of experience and common training activities. Common training activities for librarians are cheaper and more effective than separate actions. 3

4 Transcription of study literature Study literature not only covers books with textual information. The transcription of graphical information, tables or mathematical formulae needs elaborated methods of information representation for blind readers. Often also study books for foreign or ancient languages (e.g. Ancient Greek) have to be transcribed in an appropriate way so that the text can be displayed sequentially on the braille display and no information is lost. This specific know how of transcription for blind and visually impaired readers cannot be provided by university libraries alone. Copyright The transcription of study literature into electronic format raises several copyright issues. The copyright law does not clearly define under which conditions books in electronic format may be given to blind readers. A separate agreement must be signed for each book required by a single student. A more general agreement between publishers and libraries providing services for visually impaired students is highly requested. TESTLAB Activities In order to tackle this well-know issues the Austrian workpackage in the TESTLAB project has been defined in three activities: Access to the Austrian Union Catalogue BIBOS The introductory activity in the project was devoted to the accessibility of the Austrian union library catalogue BIBOS. The goal was to train librarians and visually impaired users in accessing the catalogue and to get feedback in the form of a detailed evaluation. [1] Training material for braille displays, magnification software and for the OPAC has been adapted and prepared. Visually handicapped users were taught how to access and search the on-line catalogue by means of adapted computer workstations in the university libraries. Computers with special equipment (synthetic speech, screen magnification, braille displays, flatbed scanner) were provided by the respective university libraries. The training for both users and library staff took place at five university libraries and consisted of two parts. Part one was the introduction in the usage of adaptive equipment. Part two dealt with the features and usage of the on-line catalogue itself. The effectiveness of the user training was measured by means of a standardised task set, consisting of various catalogue searches and invocation of other system features. The participants were requested to complete these tasks under the supervision of an experienced BIBOS user. Notes were taken on 4

5 whether participants succeeded or not, the time needed for fulfilling the tasks, and of any comments on the need for assistance. The analysis of the time needed for completing the specified tasks showed that partially sighted users needed more time for carrying out the search tasks. In general we found that users of screen magnification software had more problems with orientation and navigation on the search form. The actual OPAC evaluation was done on the basis of a questionnaire which allowed the gathering of information on the participants computer experience and preferences as well as their subjective judgement on the OPAC. The focus of the questionnaire was on the OPAC's user-interface (screen layout, terminology and system information), on learnability and on specific system capabilities.[8] In general the user reactions were optimistic. Some users felt really happy to have access to a computer program which is not a special solution for blind people. The use of the OPAC allows them to enter and browse the titles available in Austrian academic libraries on their own without the need of any other person. The adapted workstations open an alternative way to access libraries. We learned also that the requirements and expectations for a user-friendly library catalogue are different for blind and partially sighted users. This is because working with a braille display is based on certain principles and strategies which are divergent from those for working with screen magnification and vice versa. The results of the user acceptance evaluation and the experience gained during practical librarian and user training were a valuable input for the development of an Austrian catalogue for literature in alternative format. Austrian Union Catalogue for Literature in Alternative Formats The goal of workpackage two was the development of a central catalogue which covers all literature available in alternative formats (Braille print, audio cassette, digital text, large print) in Austria. This novel information system not only enables visually impaired users to search, but is also an information system for university libraries to co-ordinate the transcription of study materials more efficiently. The overall architecture of the union catalogue system consists of a central database server where all the bibliographic records are stored and maintained. Catalogue records in digital format are currently provided by more than 12 different institutions. An extended version of the catalogue includes data from German library catalogues leading to a total of more than 58,000 titles. An import facility allows the recognition of proper record structure and insertion or update of records in the main catalogue while considering already stored bibliographic information. The integration of records with heterogeneous structure and varying quality lead to the development of a maintenance tool which allows the detection of similar records. A simple example are different writings for or just typing errors in names of authors or publishers. 5

6 On-line books publicly accessible on the World-Wide Web are potentially accessible by blind and visually impaired readers. Therefore, a considerable number of records (more than 4,000) contains live -links to on-line documents of project Gutenberg-DE and project Gutenberg Austria. The Austrian union catalogue and the on-line digital books from project Gutenberg allow to experience how a digital library might look-like.[2] The primary access to the on-line catalogue by blind and partially sighted users is via an OPAC running on Windows95. The OPAC interface has been designed while considering the specific ergonomic needs of blind and visually impaired readers. Additionally the concepts of adaptive technology (e.g. screen readers, braille displays, etc.) have been kept in mind. Enhanced customisation facilities, especially for partially sighted users, are provided directly by the OPAC application.[4] In order to allow the provision of alternate search applications complementary to the Windows OPAC the export of catalogue records into other databases is necessary. An export tool provides facilities for transferring records into various standard formats (e.g. SQL, USMARC, SGML, dbase). Alternative search applications for visually impaired users are necessary because the level of computer literacy of the user group varies greatly. A very user friendly and effective search tool is provided by an MS-DOS-based OPAC, called ZKMESE. This tool is developed by the university library Dortmund and works on the TESTLAB catalogue besides others.[2] For search and retrieval on the Internet a Z39.50 gateway has been implemented. Existing software packages have been used for the realisation of this service. This standardised protocol allows a maximum of interoperability with various search clients. Consequently, a generic user interface, customised to the special ergonomic needs of visually impaired users, which will be developed in the Dutch workpackage [7] can access the Austrian TESTLAB catalogue. A set of client applications developed in other European libraries projects has been successfully tested for accessibility by blind and partially sighted users.[2] WebOPAC & On-line cataloguing tool As part of workpackage 3, an on-line search facility for the World-Wide Web, called WebOPAC, has been developed. It mainly provides a set of web pages which allow on-line access to the Austrian TESTLAB catalogue. The web pages can be rendered by any web browser capable to deal with HTML forms irrespective of the underlying operating system.[3] Partially sighted users working with screen magnification software usually should be able to handle any standard web browser running on a workstation with a graphical user interface. Blind users in theory can also use graphical web browsers (e.g. Netscape Navigator, NCSA Mosaic, MS InternetExplorer), however practical tests have shown that the complexity of web browsers and screen readers (e.g. Virgo, JAWS) together make efficient reading nearly impossible.[6] 6

7 Instead of graphical web browsers text-oriented ones are recommended for blind users from our point of view. Best results so far have been achieved with the port of Lynx for DOS and for Windows95. An optimum of high rendering quality of web pages and ease of use have been achieved with this tool. Consequently, the user interface design for the TESTLAB WebOPAC has been guided by the user requirements and the functionality provided by suitable web browsers.[3] The TESTLAB WebOPAC offers the user two different search forms. A simple search form is presented to the user immediately after calling the WebOPAC home page at The simple search form covers only two search fields, an author and a title field. Those two input fields allow the user to enter search terms. The extended search form contains additional search fields for publisher name, year of publication, library and media.[5] An extra feature of the WebOPAC is the seamless integration of the bibliographic information with digital books available on the Internet. In order to allow contributing libraries to do on-line cataloguing of newly transcribed books the online cataloguing facilities have been further developed. This is on the one hand the Windows95 cataloguing tool which provides on-line access to the central catalogue database. On the other hand the heterogeneity of workstations used in the different workstations calls for a common cataloguing facility on the basis of a WWW-application. This cataloguing tool is current under development.[3] Meanwhile librarians are engaged to use electronic mail for submitting bibliographic records. Librarian & End-user Training Several training workshops have been organised for librarians and end-users. The workshops took place at different university libraries in Austria. The aim of the workshops was not only to train people in accessing the different OPAC applications with adaptive technology and searching the Austrian TESTLAB catalogue but also to get direct feedback from the users which was used for extensions and improvement of the overall system. In addition to the technical part of the workshop also organisational issues and actual questions concerning the transcription of study literature have been discussed. Conclusion In this paper several issues and problems of provision of library services for visually impaired students have been identified. The project TESTLAB provides a suitable framework to initiate several activities which allowed to build up a network between libraries. 7

8 The software installation and maintenance was carried out by the TESTLAB team members in cooperation with the local computing centres at the different university libraries. Many troubles could be solved remotely. Librarian and user training was organised at all university libraries. The goal for users was to enable them to carry out catalogue searches without the need of any assistance. This could be achieved in most cases. The additional goals for the librarians training were the efficient use of word processors for the preparation of structured electronic documents and the use of electronic communication systems. The goals for the librarians could be achieved as well. The co-ordination between university libraries was considerably improved by the introduction of the union catalogue for literature in alternative formats. This catalogue covers all available study materials and is the basis for more efficient resource sharing and a higher level of service quality. Periodical coordination meetings of the TESTLAB staff with the librarians have also proven to be useful. They allowed to discuss issues and problems on a national level with all involved parties and common decisions were in general better accepted. A major issue to be solved in the near future is to find an organisational framework for the installation of a permanent resource centre for special library services for visually impaired students in Austria. This is necessary in order to ensure further co-ordination and training meetings in the working group of librarians. Otherwise the activities will have to be stopped together with the end of TESTLAB. Work needs also to be done in the field of transcription methods for literature from different research and science areas. First results, could be achieved in co-operation with another working group at the department concerning the transcription of mathematical books on the basis of LATEX. Open issues to be clarified are the copyright law and the provision of adapted digital books for visually impaired students. A possible solution consisting of a suitable platform for secure delivery of digital books and an accompanying legal framework has to be elaborated in close co-operation with the publishers association. Acknowledgements This work is being carried out in the context of the TESTLAB project (LB 4003) funded by DG XIII of the European Commission under its Telematics Applications Programme, Libraries Sector, and by the State Government of Upper Austria, Department for Social Affairs. References [1] BURGER, F., Report on OPAC Access by Visually Handicapped Users. Deliverable 4.1, TESTLAB project (December 1996). 8

9 [2] BURGER, F., SOFY, A., WAGNER, G., Report on the Austrian TESTLAB Catalogue. Deliverable 4.5, TESTLAB project (January 1998). [3] BURGER, F., WAGNER, G., Report on the Extensions to the Austrian TESTLAB Catalogue. Deliverable 4.3, TESTLAB project (April 1998). [4] BURGER, F. WAGNER, G., A GUI-based OPAC for the Austrian catalogue for alternative format books. Accepted for ICCHP 98, Vienna-Budapest 1998 [5] DEINES-JONES, C., Access to Library Internet Services for Patrons with Disabilities: Pragmatic Consideration for Developers. In: Information Technology and Disabilities, Volume 2, Number 4 (December 1995). [6] EDWARDS, A. D. N., The Rise of the Graphical User Interface. In: Information Technology and Disabilities, Volume 2, Number 4 (December 1995). [7] LINDERS, P., VERBOOM, M. AND LEEMAN A., Report on the Inventory of Interfaces, User Needs and Existing Adaptations. Deliverable 6.1, TESTLAB project (October 1997). [8] SHNEIDERMAN, B., Designing the User Interface: Strategies for Effective Human-Computer Interaction. 2nd ed., Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley (1992). 9

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