1. Cascading Style Sheet and JavaScript

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1 1. Cascading Style Sheet and JavaScript Cascading Style Sheet or CSS allows you to specify styles for visual element of the website. Styles specify the appearance of particular page element on the screen. Keeping the style separate separate from the content help us to: Avoid Duplication in coding Use the same content with different style for different purpose. Easy Maintenance of code Using CSS, We can control the font types, font and element colors, pad spaces, margins, and element position in our website. Syntax of CSS The Syntax of CSS consist of special symbols known as rules. Syntax of CSS: A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more selector property : value declaration. The selector is the HTML element on which you want to apply Ex: H1 color : green the style Declaration consist of a property associated with the HTML Selector Property Value element used in selector and its corresponding value. CSS Using KompoZer We can easily add CSS using KompoZer. To make that KompoZer uses CSS by default: click Edit -> Preferences (Tools -> Option). Select the checkbox Use CSS styles instead of HTML elements and attributes if it is not selected. KompoZer will now use the CSS styling instead of HTML to format the text. For Example,all the heading (H1) tags are inserted into web page should following style Font: Times New Roman Case : Uppercase Alignment : Center Aligned Background Color : Light Blue Border :Dotted Border Following the steps given to create the CSS for above heading. In composition toolbar select the cascade button. Than following dialog box are open. (Note: If the file is not saved, the Page title dialog box will be opened.) Click on the first radio button style applied to all the elements of type. From the dropdown menu choose an element to create a style for Heading1, we have selected h1 from the drop down menu. Click the create style rule button. You will see various tabs like General, Text, Background, Borders, Box, Lists and Aural. 12 EM, Lesson 2 Cascading Style Sheet and JavaScript ( Page 1

2 Advantages of CSS CSS allows us to set the format of the website without changing the underline structure. We can make changes to the website without the fear of accidently changing the data. The web designer job is made easier as to change the style We have to set the style for each element only once. CSS has less Code compare to HTML. Web page will load faster. Using CSS makes website designing quick and efficient. Disadvantage of CSS The CSS compatibility varies with different browsers. This meanse that some of the style sheet features are not supported by the browser and the style cannot be displayed as per the users design. JavaScript JavaScript is a scripting language that allows you to add programming aspects to your web page. Scripting language is a simple, lightweight programming language. JavaScript is used in web pages to improve the design and validate the forms. Most common form of JavaScript application today is client side script which runs inside the web browser. Using JavaScript, the form is generally checked for the following fields. Has the user left any required field empty? Has the user entered a valid address? Check whether content of two fields are same or not? Has the user entered a valid date? Has the user entered the text in the numeric data field? JavaScript is a case sensitive language. JavaScript code runs from within the HTML web page. Thus, the JavaScript code can be put directly inside the web page code as a seprate section. The JavaScript code is inserted into an HTML page, using the.. tag. The lines between the and tag contains the JavaScript code. Javascript can be placed inside the <body> or <head> section of an HTML page. But generally it is preferred that the code be placed in the <head> tag. In below defines the How to write the JavaScript code. <html> <head> <title>javascript</title> document. write( hello students ); </head> <body> </body> </html> ->Here write is a method which is a par of the document object. ->The string to be displayed is passed as variable to the method document.write (). -> The Semicolon (;) is used as a mark of sepration rather than termination. 12 EM, Lesson 2 Cascading Style Sheet and JavaScript ( Page 2

3 A Function: validate() A Variable: x A conditional statement: if Built in function: alert() An object name: document A method named: focus <html> <head> <title>javascript</title> function validate() var x=document.frm1.name.value; </head> </html> if(x==null x== ) alert( please Enter the name ); document.frm1.name.focus(); Function validate () A function (also called routine) is a reusable block of code that performs a particular task. A function is defined by the keyword function and the block of code is written inside the curly braces JavaScript provides some inbuilt functions such as alert (). The alert () function takes the text and displays it in an alert box. The function will be excecuted by an event or when it is called inside a source code. A function can be called anywhere from within the source code. A function is called by its name. It can also take a value inside the parenthesis. This value is passed as a parameter to the function. Sometimes you want the function to return a value. This is possible by using the return statement. Events in JavaScript Events abort blur click change error focus Description Loading of image is cancelled. Elements such as a radio button becomes inactive. Users click on a form element. Value of a form field is changed by the user. Errors occurs during loading of document or image. Element such as button becomes active. The interaction between the user and the web page causes the browser to generate an event. load mouseout mouseover reset select submit unload Document or event is loaded. Mouse moves off the element. Mouse moves over the element. Form fields are reset to default values. User selects a form field. Users submit a form. Users live a page. Variable: A variable is a container for storing data. The variable in JavaScript are case sensitive. So a variable x and X are different. In JavaScript, We can Declare a variable using var keywod. Example: var x=3; var y= hello var z= hello students ; 12 EM, Lesson 2 Cascading Style Sheet and JavaScript ( Page 3

4 Document Object Model (document.frm1.name.value): To Control the web browsers window or the web page we use the Browser Object Model (BOM). All browsers are split into different parts or objects that can be accessed using JavaScript. Window Frame Parent self top History document Location Link Form Anchor radio textarea button Text Checkbox password reset Select Hierarchy of browser object Top level object in the browser object model is window object. It is created automatically by the browser. The window object is a global object as it contains all the other objects of the browser object model within it. Window object contains the document object. The document object is a most important object in the browser object model. It is used to represent the web page displayed in the browser. All the elements of the web page like forms, images, links and others are contained within the document object. The focus method: it is used to apply focus on a particular element of the form. Thus, after the user gets an alert message, calling the focus method, the cursor will be placed inside the element and the element will be highlighted. isnan(): Option To work with numeric value, javascript uses built in functions. One of the most commonly used numeric function is isnan(). NaN stands for Not a Number. It returns true if the value is not a number and the false if value is number. Example: isnan (123) returns false as the value 123 is a number. isnan ( hello ) returns true as the value hello is not a number. In below example we provide the validation in all fields. Validation like 12 EM, Lesson 2 Cascading Style Sheet and JavaScript ( Page 4

5 1) user should not keep the field empty. 2) Only Numbers are allowed 3) the Pincode should be 6 digit long. Example: function validate() var name=document.frm1.t1.value; var pass=document.frm1.p1.value; var pincode=document.frm1.pin.value; if(name=="" name==null) alert("enter the name"); document.frm1.t1.focus(); if(pass=="" pass==null) alert("enter the Password"); document.frm1.p1.focus(); if((document.frm1.a[0].checked==false) && (document.frm1.a[1].checked==false)) alert("select the gender"); if(document.frm1.ta.value=="") alert("enter your address"); document.frm1.ta.focus(); if((document.frm1.c1.checked==false) && (document.frm1.c2.checked==false) && (document.frm1.c3.checked==false)) alert("select your hobbies"); if(pincode=="" isnan(pincode) pincode.length>6 pincode.length<6) alert("please enter the pincode properly"); document.frm1.pin.focus(); 12 EM, Lesson 2 Cascading Style Sheet and JavaScript ( Page 5

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