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1 Software Engineering: A Practitioner s Approach, 6/e Chapter 7 Requirements Engineering copyright 1996, 2001, 2005 R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc. For University Use Only May be reproduced ONLY for student use at the university level when used in conjunction with Software Engineering: A Practitioner's Approach. Any other reproduction or use is expressly prohibited. with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

2 Requirements Engineering Stages: Inception Elicitation Elaboration Negotiation Specification Validation Management with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

3 Requirements Engineering Inception ask a set of questions that establish basic understanding of the problem the people who want a solution the nature of the solution that is desired, and the effectiveness of preliminary communication and collaboration between the customer and the developer Elicitation elicit requirements from all stakeholders address problems of scope address problems of understanding customers not sure about what is needed, skip obvious issues, have difficulty communicating with the software engineer, have poor grasp of problem domain address problems of volatility with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

4 Requirements Engineering Elaboration create an analysis model that identifies data, function, features, constraints and behavioral requirements Negotiation agree agree on a deliverable system that is realistic for developers and customers rank requirements by priority (conflicts arise here ) identify and analyze risks assoc. with each requirement guestimate efforts needed to implement each requirement eliminate, combine and / or modify requirements to make project realistic with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

5 Requirements Engineering Specification can can be any one (or more) of the following: A written document A set of models A formal mathematical model A collection of user scenarios (use-cases) A prototype Validation a a review mechanism that looks for: errors in content or interpretation areas where clarification may be required missing information inconsistencies (a major problem when large products or systems are engineered) conflicting or unrealistic (unachievable) requirements with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

6 Requirements Engineering Requirements management involves managing change: Feature traceability: how requirements relate to observable system/product features Source traceability: identifies source of each requirement Dependency traceability: how requirements are related to each other Subsystem traceability: categorizes requirements by the subsystem(s) they govern Interface traceability: how requirements relate to both external and internal system interfaces with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

7 Identify stakeholders Inception whom else do you think I should talk to? Recognize multiple points of view Work toward collaboration The first questions: Who is behind the request for this work? Who will use the solution? What will be the economic benefit of a successful solution? Is there another source for the solution that you need? with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

8 Inception The subsequent questions: What constitutes a good output from the system? What problem(s) does this solution address? What is the intended business environment for this solution? What performance issues or constraints should affecting my approach to the solution with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

9 Inception The final questions: Are your answers official? Are my questions relevant? Am I asking too many questions? Can anyone else provide additional info? Should I be asking anything else? with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

10 Eliciting Requirements Meetings are conducted and attended by both software engineers and customers Rules for preparation and participation are established An agenda is suggested A "facilitator" (can be a customer, a developer, or an outsider) controls the meeting A "definition mechanism" (can be work sheets, flip charts, or wall stickers or an electronic bulletin board, chat room or virtual forum) is used The goal is to identify the problem propose elements of the solution negotiate different approaches, and specify a preliminary set of solution requirements with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

11 Conduct FAST m eetings Make lists of functions, classes Make lists of constraints, etc. Elic it requirem ent s yes form al prioritization? no Use QFD to prioritize requirem ents inform ally prioritize requirem ents define actors draw use-case diagram write scenario Create Use-cases com plete tem plate with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

12 Quality Function Deployment A technique of translating customer needs into technical system requirements: Normal requirements: reflect stated customer goals and objectives Expected requirements: implicit to the product or system; their absence will cause significant customer dissatisfaction Exciting requirements: featured going beyond customer expectations, causing customer euphoria (;-) with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

13 Quality Function Deployment Function deployment determines the value (as perceived by the customer) of each function required of the system Information deployment identifies data objects and events Task deployment examines the behavior of the system Value analysis determines the relative priority of requirements with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

14 Elicitation Work Products A statement of need and feasibility. A bounded statement of scope for the system or product. A list of customers, users, and other stakeholders who participated in requirements elicitation A description of the system s technical environment. A list of requirements (preferably organized by function) and the domain constraints that apply to each. A set of usage scenarios that provide insight into the use of the system or product under different operating conditions. Any prototypes developed to better define requirements. with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

15 Use-Cases A collection of user scenarios that describe the thread of usage of a system Each scenario is described from the point-of-view of an actor a a person or device that interacts with the software in some way Each scenario answers the following questions: Who is the primary actor, the secondary actor (s)? What are the actor s goals? What preconditions should exist before the story begins? What main tasks or functions are performed by the actor? What extensions might be considered as the story is described? What variations in the actor s interaction are possible? What system information will the actor acquire, produce, or change? Will the actor have to inform the system about changes in the external environment? What information does the actor desire from the system? Does the actor wish to be informed about unexpected changes? with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

16 Use-Case Diagram Arms/ disarms syst em Accesses syst em via Int ernet sensors homeowner Responds t o alarm event Encount ers an error condit ion syst em administ rat or Reconf igures sensors and relat ed syst em f eat ures with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

17 Building the Analysis Model Intent: to provide a description of the required informational, functional and behavioral domains of the computer-based system The model changes dynamically as the system engineers learn more about the system Is a series of time-ordered snapshots of requirements with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

18 Building the Analysis Model Elements of the analysis model Scenario-based elements Functional processing narratives for software functions Use-case descriptions of the interaction between an actor and the system Class-based elements Implied by scenarios Behavioral elements State diagram Flow-oriented oriented elements Data flow diagram with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

19 Class Diagram From the SafeHome system Sensor name/id type location area characteristics identify() enable() disable() reconfigure() with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

20 State Diagram Init ializat ion Reading commands not jammed t urn copier on syst em st at us= not ready display msg = please wait display st at us = blinking subsyst ems ready syst em st at us= Ready display msg = ent er cmd display st at us = st eady paper f ull ent ry/ swit ch machine on do: run diagnost ics do: init iat e all subsyst ems ent ry/ subsyst ems ready do: poll user input panel do: read user input do: int erpret user input t urn copier of f st art copies Making copies syst em st at us= Copying display msg= copy count = display message=#copies display st at us= st eady ent ry/ st art copies do: manage copying do: monit or paper t ray do: monit or paper f low copies complet e paper t ray empt y paper jammed problem diagnosis syst em st at us= Jammed display msg = paper jam display message=locat ion display st at us= blinking ent ry/ paper jammed do: det ermine locat ion do: provide correct ive msg. do: int errupt making copies load paper syst em st at us= load paper display msg= load paper display st at us= blinking ent ry/ paper empt y do: lower paper t ray do: monit or f ill swit ch do: raise paper t ray not jammed Figure 7.6 Preliminary UML st at e diagram for a phot ocopier with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

21 Analysis Patterns Pattern name: A descriptor that captures the essence of the pattern. Intent: Describes what the pattern accomplishes or represents Motivation: A scenario that illustrates how the pattern can be used to address the problem. Forces and context: A description of external issues (forces) that can affect how the pattern is used and also the external issues that will be resolved when the pattern is applied. Solution: A description of how the pattern is applied to solve the problem with an emphasis on structural and behavioral issues. Consequences: Addresses what happens when the pattern is applied and what trade- offs exist during its application. Design: Discusses how the analysis pattern can be achieved through the use of known design patterns. Known uses: Examples of uses within actual systems. Related patterns: On e or more analysis patterns that are related to the named pattern because (1) it is commonly used with the named pattern; (2) it is structurally similar to the named pattern; (3) it is a variation of the named pattern. with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

22 Negotiating Requirements Identify the key stakeholders These are the people who will be involved in the negotiation Determine each of the stakeholders win conditions Win conditions are not always obvious Negotiate Work toward a set of requirements that lead to win-win win with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

23 Validating Requirements Checking for Consistency, Omissions, Ambiguity Is each requirement consistent with the overall objective for the system/product? Have all requirements been specified at the proper level of abstraction? That is, do some requirements provide a level of technical detail that is inappropriate at this stage? Is the requirement really necessary or does it represent an add-on feature that may not be essential to the objective of the system? Is each requirement bounded and unambiguous? Does each requirement have attribution? That is, is a source (generally, a specific individual) noted for each requirement? Do any requirements conflict with other requirements? with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

24 Validating Requirements Is each requirement achievable in the technical environment that will house the system or product? Is each requirement testable, once implemented? Does the requirements model properly reflect the information, function and behavior of the system to be built. Has the requirements model been partitioned in a way that exposes progressively more detailed information about the system. Have requirements patterns been used to simplify the requirements model. Have all patterns been properly validated? Are all patterns consistent with customer requirements? with permission by R.S. Pressman & Associates, Inc., copyright 1996, 2001,

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