Digitisation Standards
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1 Digitisation Standards Jeannette Frey, Alexandre Lopes BCU Lausanne LIBER-EBLIDA Digitization Workshop 2011 The Hague, October 5-7, 2011
2 Standards which standards? Standards are set by experts (not by users) Users may de facto prefer other «standards» Standards of today (October 7, 2011) Technology changes standards evolve But in most cases use a standard! Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 2
3 Standard elements of life cycle approach Storage of the Digital Master Digitization Preparation for the digitisation process Selection of the items Project planning Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 3
4 Life cycle approach and more Digitize more! Improve the user experience Get user feedback Go social: reuse and re-purposing Delivery formats Publishing on the Web Metadata, ressource discovery Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 4
5 Standard elements of life cycle approach Storage of the Digital Master Material Digitization Preparation for the digitisation process Selection of the items Project planning Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 5
6 Project planning Use a project method: Prince2 (UK), HERMES (CH) recommandation, no standard Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 6
7 Standard elements of life cycle approach Storage of the Digital Master Material Digitization Preparation for the digitisation process Selection of the items Project planning Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 7
8 Material selection Explicit what is the aim of your digital collection! Create a policy (NISO collection principle 1) Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 8
9 Standard elements of life cycle approach Storage of the Digital Master Material Digitization Preparation for the digitisation process Selection of the items Project planning Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 9
10 Preparation of the materials Cataloging (use your library metadata standard, mostly MARC) Analyse the physical constrains of the materials (size, opening angle, fragile, unsafe) à scanner types, resolutions In-house or outsource If in-house, select hardware and software If outsource, tender Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 10
11 Standard elements of life cycle approach Storage of the Digital Master Material Digitization Preparation for the digitisation process Selection of the items Project planning Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 11
12 Digitisation process No standard process JISC Digital Media, uk/ guidance Document the tecnical procedure - when it s being done! not «later»! Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 12
13 Digital file formats: text master You should do fine with: XML (with the used character encoding recorded in the encoding declaration of XML) conforming to a published Document Type Definition (DTD). TEI (Text Encoding Initiative) PDF/A (ISO Standard) Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 13
14 Digital file formats: still image master You should be fine with: TIFF 8 bit greyscale or 24 bit colour, 600 dpi (photographs) 2400 dpi (slides).!! check resolution of negatives and slides first, dont try to capture more than the useful information!! PNG, GIF, JPEG/SPIFF (Still Picture Interchange File Format), JPEG 2000 if you can t do TIFF Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 14
15 Digital file formats: video master You should be fine with: RAW AVI (uncompressed), highest suitable resolution If you need to use a compressed format: MPEG (MPEG-1, MPEG-2 or MPEG-4) Framesize of 720x576 pixels Framerate 25 frames per second 24-bit colour PAL colour encoding Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 15
16 Digital file formats: audio master You should be fine with the uncompressed formats: Microsoft WAV Apple AIFF 24-bit stereo at 48/96 KHz sample rate (guidelines AES and IASA) Use MP3 if you must use a compressed format Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 16
17 Standard elements of life cycle approach Storage of the Digital Master Material Digitization Preparation for the digitisation process Selection of the items Project planning Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 17
18 Storage of the digital master Do always have at least 2 copies! At least on harddisk or harddisk of servers Have a migration strategy (including for the metadata) Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 18
19 Life cycle approach and more Digitize more! Improve the user experience Get user feedback Go social: reuse and re-purposing Delivery formats Publishing on the Web Metadata, ressource discovery Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 19
20 Metadata standards Metadata about the physical object digitized Metadata about the digital object created during the digitization process (digital master) Metadata about the delivery formats Metadata about new resources created using the digital objects Metadata about the physical object: Museums: SPECTRUM, CDWA Archives: ISAD(G), ISSAR(CPF), EAD Libraries: MARC Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 20
21 Descriptive Metadata For discovery and interpretation of the digital object Dublin Core (minimum requirement) Europeana Semantic Elements (ESE) normative specification ( ): Dublin Core + 13 specific elements: isshownby, country, dataprovider, hasobject, language, object, provider, rights, type, unstored, uri, usertag and year Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 21
22 Administrative Metadata For managing the digital object and provide information about its creation etc. Technical metadata Source metadata Digital provenance metadata Rights management metadata No single standard! NISO draft data dictionary for digital still images (NISO Z AIIM Data Dictionary) Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 22
23 Preservation Metadata 16 basic metadata elements of RLG (1998) OAIS model (framework) PREMIS data dictionary (LOC project) Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 23
24 Structural Metadata and collection level description Describes the logical or physical relationship between the parts of a compound object. METS (Metadata Encoding and Transmission Standard) IMS Content Packaging Specification for composite learning resources. Collection level description: item is part of a collection (scope, format, ownership, restriction of access) Dublin Core Collections Application Profile, work of MICHAEL Project Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 24
25 Resource discovery Good metadata à interoperability (NISO) For human needs and for robot needs! Provide Dublin Core Or DC.Culture schema IEEE Learning Object Metadata (LOM) for learning objects To share beyond the own community (libraries are a community), go semantic with RDF SKOS OWL Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 25
26 Harvesting, searching, alerting OAI-PMH (standard) harvesting Z39.50 (standard) searching and retrieval SRW/SRU (Search/Retrieve Web Service) RSS specifications Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 26
27 Life cycle approach and more Digitize more! Improve the user experience Get user feedback Go social: reuse and re-purposing Delivery formats Publishing on the Web Metadata, ressource discovery Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 27
28 Publishing MINERVA quality principles for quality cultural websites (guidelines) Accessible using Web browser, use HTML or XHTML and HTTP 1.1 protocol (standard) Accessible through mobile devices (use HTML/ XHTML, Cascading style sheets (CSS) and Document Object Model (DOM) (recommandation of the W3C) Accessible for desabled: W3C Web Accessibility Intiative (WAI) recommandations Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 28
29 Life cycle approach and more Digitize more! Improve the user experience Get user feedback Go social: reuse and re-purposing Delivery formats Publishing on the Web Metadata, ressource discovery Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 29
30 Delivery formats (1) Identification: Uniform Resource Identifier URI (w3c standard), OpenURLs (standard ANSI- ISO Z ), DOI. Document format: XHTML 1.0 or HTML 4 through use of SGML or XML conforming to other Schemas, PDF Still images: JPEG/SPIFF (standard) Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 30
31 Delivery formats (2) Video for download: MPEG-1, AVI, WMV or Apple Quicktime Video for streaming: Microsoft Advanced Systems Format (ASF), WMV or Apple Quicktime format. Audio for download: MPEG Layer 3 (MP3 - standard), RealAudio (proprietary) or Microsoft WMA, 256 Kbps for near-cd quality. Audio for streaming: MPEG Layer 3 (MP3), RealAudio (RA) or WMA Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 31
32 Life cycle approach and more Digitize more! Improve the user experience Get user feedback Go social: reuse and re-purposing Delivery formats Publishing on the Web Metadata, ressource discovery Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 32
33 Go social: reuse and repurposing Use of open standards can make it easier for 3rd parties to re-use materials Especially in the field of learning objects: IEEE Learning Object Metadata (LOM) standard OAI-ORE effort Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 33
34 A word on digitization of out-ofcommerce works Copyright last 70 year after death of author If you want to digitize out-of-commerce works, consider the new Memorandum of Understanding: Key Principles on the Digitisation and Making Available of Out-of- Commerce Works, recently signed by LIBER and EBLIDA in Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 34 Brussels.
35 Tools Plenty of them, impossible to make a tour! Software tools (see for example IMPACT tools for text recognition, or DocWorks ) Decision support tool (see IMPACT tools for strategy) Workflow tools using XML and SOAP, Goobi Professional tools related to hardware (with scanners) Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 35
36 Tenders Eager to write a precisely formulated tender? Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire - Lausanne 36
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