Frontend guide. Everything you need to know about HTML, CSS, JavaScript and DOM. Dejan V Čančarević

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1 Frontend guide Everything you need to know about HTML, CSS, JavaScript and DOM Dejan V Čančarević Today frontend is treated as a separate part of Web development and therefore frontend developer jobs are highly wanted. "Frontend guide" is a complete guide for this kind of development with inside look at modern Web technologies and focus on CSS.

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3 Thank you Before we delve into the wonderful world of frontend development, I would like to give thanks to the family, friends and colleagues who helped me in writing this book: My family (Vlado, Mirjana, Milan and Svetlana), Bella and Steve Guzmán, James Koster, Mladjan Antic and Nenad Gligoric. I've tried my best to make this book as bug and typo free as possible, but I'm sure I've missed some things. If you happen across an error, or would like to offer any other suggestions or feedback, please contact me at dejanc at gmail dot com. Sincerely, Dejan Čančarević Copyright 2011 Dejan Čančarević. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or redistributed in any form without the prior written permission of the publishers.

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5 Content 0. Introduction... 1 What is frontend... 1 Who is this book for... 1 Goal of the book... 1 Book structure... 2 Using examples Frontend Introduction Technologies in frontend development World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Development software Software for testing Additional tools HTML Introduction HTML tags introduction HTML attributes introduction Comments Page structure General attributes Basic tags Structural tags Meta tags Example 1 - empty HTML page Text Example 2 - text formatting Links Images and objects Lists Example 3 - multimedia and lists Tables... 29

6 Forms Example 4 - form Special characters HTML New stuff HTML Frameworks Coding preparations Conclusion CSS Introduction History Syntax Applying styles to the page Example 5 - Adding styles to pages Document versioning CSS selectors Inheritance Prioritization Type selector Universal selector Class selector ID selector Example 6 - ID and class selectors Attribute selector Pseudo selectors Structural pseudo classes Link pseudo classes User action pseudo classes Example 7 - Element states UI state pseudo classes Negation pseudo classes Pseudo elements Example 8 - Pseudo elements Combinators Web browser selectors Conditional comments Color spaces... 71

7 3.10. Size units Properties and values Font Example 9 - Font and basic typography Text Example 10 - Text formatting and align Example 11 - Vertical align Example 12 -Text hiding Colors and backgrounds Example 13 - Positioning background Multiple backgrounds Box model Example 14 - Element moving Positioning and displaying Example 16 - float and clear Example 17 - Positioning Example 18 - Overflow and clip Example 19 - Changing element structure Example 20 - Hiding and displaying elements Example 21 - Block navigation Lists Example 22 - Using lists for navigation Tables Example 23 -Table styling Other CSS3 properties, moz and webkit Layout engines CSS font replacement Example 24 - Modern CSS 3 design CSS sprites CSS reset !important declaration Fluid, fixed and elastic layout Example 25 - Fluid layout Example 26 - Combined fluid layout CSS in modern Web design Conclusion

8 4. JavaScript History Features Development tools JavaScript basics Use in web pages Comments Variables Example 1 - Printing variables Constants Values Operators Arithmetic operators Assignment operators Example 2 - Dynamic types Comparation operators Logical operators Conditional operators Special characters Statements Conditional statements Loops Label, break and continue Object manipulation Exceptions Functions Defining and calling functions Functions parameters Parameter domain Returns statement Parameter properties Anonymous functions Recursive functions Core functions JavaScript objects Object properties Object methods Core objects

9 Array Boolean Date Function Math Number String Regular expressions Custom objects Web browser objects Window object Navigator object History object Location object HTML DOM objects Document object Element object Event object JavaScript Frameworks Modern frameworks overview jquery How to use frameworks Syntax Selectors Events Example 3 - jquery events Effects Example 4 - jquery effects Callback HTML manipulation Example 5 - jquery HTML manipulation jquery CSS manipulation Example 6 - jquery CSS manipulation Conclusion

10 Appendix 1 - Graphics editing Appendix 2 - SEO friendly coding List of figures List of examples

11 Introduction What is frontend Frontend is a very important part of Web development because it represents visual part of website available to everyone while other parts of web applications are hidden into layers. In other words it represents everything you see when you open a web page. Who is this book for This book will teach you how to do frontend development by learning various technologies. You can think of it as a complete guide for this area, describing all key technologies, enriched with lot of real world examples and guidelines. In general many of people think of frontend as the less complex part of Web development when comparing it to some other parts (more about those later) because it is much simpler to use and understand. But this doesn t mean it should be treated differently, after all it is part of every website and visual impression of the user along with rich functionality is most important. The goal of this book is to transform different types of visual design into high quality, optimized and valid frontend code, rich in client functionality. Client functionality is the type of functionality that is being processed on the client side (by the client computer, in Web browser). On the other side server functionality represents all the processes managed by some distant server, usually requested by user. You can learn more about this client-server type of communication in the next chapter. Goal of the book Frontend development includes many technologies and most of them are described in this book. From the user of this book it is expected to know basics of key technologies and those are HTML and CSS. Our goal is you to be able to produce high quality code for any kind of layout (page structure). Therefore every chapter starts with Frontend Guide 1

12 introduction to basic things and then follows up to more advanced examples. At the end of each chapter we will do couple of complex examples mostly taken from real projects. Along with basic code and basic things you will find advanced tips and snippets which you can use in various examples to break out from the usual coding loop that developers get in after some time of coding. This way you should have more open minded approach to problem solving instead of using the usual ideas and techniques. This book is not a reference for learning HTML or CSS. Instead it is a guide on how to use these technologies to develop modern Web pages. Book structure The book is divided into four chapters and each chapter represents a large whole that you need to learn in order to proceed because all these parts work together. The longest chapter is about CSS, and accent of the book is on CSS because having good knowledge of CSS will allow you to use other parts with less effort. First chapter - Frontend In this chapter you will learn more about frontend, where it is used, how it s used and the history. You will also learn about development tools, Web standards, W3C and importance of developer community. Second chapter - HTML In the second chapter you will learn HTML language, as HTML is the basic of the Web. This is an important chapter and you need to understand it completely in order to move on. Along with HTML tags and attributes you will read about coding preparations and use of frameworks. Third chapter - CSS This is the longest chapter of the book and it is about learning CSS language, which works together with HTML. Therefore, the HTML chapter is more like an introduction for the CSS chapter. When you complete this part you should be able to build any kind of layout. 2 Introduction

13 DOM is explained in the same chapter in order to understand how all of this works in the background. Fourth chapter - JavaScript On top of all this you will learn JavaScript, the most popular scripting language. This chapter explains to you the language basics, key functionalities and detailed description of jquery framework with examples. Appendix 1 - Graphics editing The job of the frontend developer is to convert visual design into code. Therefore, part of this job includes the ability to edit that design. In order to do that you need to know how to use graphic editing tools. You will read about basic Photoshop functionalities required for this kind of job in appendix 1. Appendix 2 - SEO friendly coding Our code influences to SEO results (Search Engine Optimization) and here can you can find tips how to write SEO friendly code in order to improve those results. Using examples When learning new functionality you will be given a real world example of it. There is programming code available for every example so I strongly recommend creating your own examples while reading the book and comparing the results to the images within those examples. This is the most effective way to learn things. In the code I will be using clear English names for naming classes, elements and everything else so I recommend you do that same and always comment your code the way you can see it in the following examples. That way it will be much easier for you or anyone else to get around inside the code. Frontend Guide 3

14 Figures list 2.0: Simple HTML page : Default styling for text elements : Multimedia and the lists : Form : Applying style to the page : Partial document tree for the example : Inheritance document tree : Style inheritance result : Overwriting same inherited values : Selector priority by the strength : Selector priority by position inside the CSS document : ID selector priority to class selector : Multiple classes : Element states : Pseudo elements : Combinators : Child combinator : Code editor help when writing HTML and CSS : Em unit inheritance : Various text formatting : Content vertical align : Repeating one pattern on x and y axis : Repeating one pattern on the y axis : Filling the missing background with the solid color : Repeating one pattern on the x axis : No background repeat : Element box model : Default look of block elements : Padding : Border : Margin : W3C box model : FireBug layout option : Default block element behavior : Block element width Figures list

15 3.32: Default float behavior : Text formatting to the float elements : Float layout example : Order of the float elements : Float element height : Clear left and right : Clear both : All elements are float : Blueprint grid system Absolute positioning : Position: relative : Overflow: visible : CSS resize : Overflow: hidden : Channing element structure : CSS show and hide : Block navigation : List style navigation : Styling tables : Web fonts for browsers : Default form elements look : Form styling with basic CSS2 properties : Styling form with CSS : CSS Sprites image : CSS Sprites demo : CSS Sprites as navigation :!important declaration : Fluid layout : Combined fluid layout FireBug JavaScript console : Arithmetic operators : Assignment operators : Comparation operators : Logical operators : Special characters : jquery events : jquery animations : jquery HTML manipulation Frontend Guide 5

16 4.10: jquery CSS manipulation a1: Photoshop workspace a2: Image optimization Figures list

17 Examples list 1 - empty HTML page text formatting multimedia and lists form Adding styles to pages ID and class selectors Element states Pseudo elements Font and basic typography Text formatting and align Vertical align, Exercise Text hiding Positioning background Element moving Positioning and displaying float and clear Positioning Overflow and clip Changing element structure Hiding and displaying elements Block navigation Using lists for navigation Table styling Modern CSS 3 design Fluid layout Combined fluid layout JS 1 - Printing variables JS 2 - Dynamic types JS 3 - jquery events JS 4 - jquery effects JS 5 - jquery HTML manipulation JS 6 - jquery CSS manipulation Frontend Guide 7

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