THIRD EDITION. CSS Cookbook. Christopher Schmitt foreword by Dan Cederholm O'REILLY 8. Beijing Cambridge Farnham Koln Sebastopol Taipei Tokyo

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1 THIRD EDITION CSS Cookbook Christopher Schmitt foreword by Dan Cederholm O'REILLY 8 Beijing Cambridge Farnham Koln Sebastopol Taipei Tokyo

2 Table of Contents Foreword.\..,., xv Preface, xvii 1. Using HTML Basics Picking a Text Editor. ' Coding a Basic HTML Page'" Understanding DOCTYPEs and Effects on Browser Layout Marking Up Headers Making Appropriate Quotations Adding an Image Adding Audio with HTML Incorporating Video with HTML5 ' Using strong and em Effectively Creating Lists Making a Link to a Web Page Coding Tables Crea ting an HTML vcard (hcard) Marking Up ah Event (hcalendar) Validating HTML ' CSS Basics Applying CSS Rules to a Web Page Using Basic Selectors to Apply Styles, Applying Child Selectors Applying Adjacent Selectors Applying Attribute Selectors Using Pseudo-Classes Using Pseudo-Elements Determining When to Use Class and ID Selectors Understanding CSS Properties 61 VII

3 Understanding the Box Model *' Associating Styles to a Web Page Understanding the Origin -' Understanding the Sort Order Within CSS Using'important to Override Certain CSS Rules Clarifying Specificity " Setting Up Different Types of Stylesheets Adding Comments Within Stylesheets Organizing the Contents of a Stylesheet Working with Shorthand Properties ~ Setting Up an Alternate Stylesheet ^ Using Floats ' Using Self-Clearing Floated Elements Using Absolute Positioning Using Relative Positioning Using Shackling Positioning ' Stacking Elements with z-index Validating CSS Rules ' Web Typography Specifying Fonts Using Web-Safe Fonts Setting an Ampersand'Flourish Embedding Font Files Forcing a Break'on Really Long Words ' 118 "" 3.6 Specifying Font Measurements and Sizes Gaining More Cross-Browser Consistency with Font Sizes Setting Hyphens, Em Dashes, and En Dashes Centering Text Setting Text to Be Justified Indicating an Overflow of Text with an Ellipsis Removing Space Between Headings and Paragraphs Setting a Simple Initial Cap Setting a Larger, Centered Initial Cap Setting an Initial Cap with Decoration (Imagery) Creating a Heading with Stylized Text Creating a Heading with Stylized Text and Borders Stylizing a Heading with Text and an Image ' 139 s 3.19 Creating a Pull Quote with HTML Text * Placing a Pull Quote to the Side of a Column Creating a Pull Quote with Borders Creating a Pull Quote with Images '. 146 ' 3.23 Setting the Indent in the First Line of a Paragraph 149 viii Table of Contents

4 3.24 Setting the Indent of Entire Paragraphs Creating a Hanging Indent Styling the First Line of a Paragraph Styling the First Line of a Paragraph with an Image^ Creating a Highlighted Text Effect Changing the Text Selection Color ' Changing Line Spacing Adding a Graphic Treatment to HTML Text Placing a Shadow Behind Text Adjusting the Space Between Letters and Words Applying Baseline Rhythm on Web Typography Styling Superscripts and Subscripts Without Messing the Text Baseline Setting Up Multiple Columns of Text Images,.., Transforming Color Images to Black and White in IE with CSS Setting a Border Around an Image Setting a Rounded Border Around an Image Removing Borders Set on Images by Default in Some Browsers Setting a Background Image Creating a Line of Background Images Positioning a Background Image Using Multiple Background Images on One HTML Element Setting Images on a Border Creating a Stationary Background Image Stretching Images As the Browser Resizes Stretching an Image Across the Entire Browser Window Making Images Scalable Setting How a Browser Renders an Image Rotating Images with CSS Setting Gradients with CSS Creating Transparent PNG Images for IE6 and Later Using Transparent PNG Images with JavaScript Overlaying HTML Text on an Image Replacing HTML Text with an Image Building a Panoramic Image Presentation Combining Different Image Formats Rounding Corners with Fixed-Width Columns Rounding Corners (Sliding Doors Technique) Rounding Corners (Mountaintop Technique) Rounding Corners with JavaScript Setting a Shadow on an Element with CSS 242 Table of Contents I ix

5 4.28 Placing a Drop Shadow Behind an Image Placing-a Smooth Drop Shadow Behind an Image Making Word Balloons Hindering,People from Stealing Your Images Inserting Reflections on Images Automatically 5 - " Using Image Sprites ' Clipping Background Images Applying Masks to Images.and Borders Page Elements Eliminating Page Margins ' * Resetting Browser-Style Defaults for Elements Coloring the Scroll Bar in IE Techniques for Centering Elements on a Web Page t Placing a Page Border Placing a Border Around the Browser's. Viewport Customizing a Horizontal Rule ' Adding a Lightbox Changing the Opacity on.elements Adjusting the Opacity of Background Colors Lists Changing the Format of a List Changing the Color of a List Bullet Writing Cross-Browser Indentation in Lists Placing Dividers Between List Items Creating CustomText Markers for Lists Creating Custom Image Markers for Lists Inserting Larger Custom Image Markers for Lists Making a List Presentation Rich with Imagery Creating Inline Lists " Making Hanging Indents in a List Moving the Marker Inside the List Styling a Definition List Styling a Screenplay with the HT-ML5 dialog Element Turning a List into a Directory Tree Creating a Star Ranking System Links and Navigation Easily Generating Text-Based Menus and Submenus " Removing Underlines from Links (and Adding Other Styles) 343 ' 7.3 /Changing Link Colors 346 x I Table of Contents

6 7.4 Removing Dotted Lines When Clicking on a Link in Internet Explorer Changing Link Colors in Different Sections of a Page Placing Icons at the End of Different Kinds of Links Changing Cursors Creating Rollovers Without JavaScript Animating Rollovers on Links with CSS3 Transitions Creating Text Navigation Menus and Rollovers Adding Submenus to Vertical Menus Building Horizontal Navigation Menus Building Horizontal Navigation Menus with Drop-Down Menus Building a-navigation Menu with Access Keys Creating Breadcrumb Navigation Creating Image-Based Rollovers Creating Collapsible Menus Creating Contextual Menus Making Tool Tips with the title Attribute Designing a Dynamic Tabbed Menu Changing Styles on Anchored Links Forms, Modifying the Spacing Around a Form Removing the Space Around a Form Setting Styles for Input Elements Changing Styles on Form Elements When a User Clicks on Them Applying Different Styles to Different Input Elements in the Same Form Setting Styles for textarea Elements Setting Styles for select and option Elements Creating a Macintosh-Styled Search Field Styling Form Buttons Creating an Image Submit Button Setting Up a Submit-Once-Only Button Creating a Submit Button That Looks Like HTML Text Making an HTML Text Link Operate Like a Submit Button Designing a Web Form Without Tables Designing a Two-Column Form Without Tables Integrating Form Feedback with a Form Styling Access Keys in Web Forms Grouping Common Form Elements Entering Data into a Form That Is Similar to a Spreadsheet Sample Design: A Login Form Sample Design: A Registration Form 441 Table of Contents I xi

7 9. Tables, Setting the Borders and Cell Padding for Tables Setting the Cell Spacing Setting the Style for Captions « Setting the Styles Within Table Cells Setting the Styles for Table Header Elements Removing Gaps from Images Placed in Table Cells Eliminating Gaps Between Table Cells Creating Alternating Background Colors in Table Rows Adding a Highlighting Effect on a Table Row Sample Design: An Elegant Calendar Designing Web Pages for Printing Applying a Stylesheet for Printing to a Web Page Replacing a Color Logo for a Black-and-White Logo When Printing Web Pages Making a Web Form Print-Ready Displaying URIs After Links ' Inserting Special Characters Before Links Setting Page Breaks for a Printed Document Sample Design: A Printer-Friendly Page with CSS Page Layouts Building a One-Column Layout Building a Two-Column Layout Building a Two-Column Layout with Fixed-Width Columns Creating a Flexible Multicolumn Layout with Floats Creating a Fixed-Width Multicolumn Layout with Floats Creating a Flexible Multicolumn Layout with Positioning Creating a Fixed-Width Multicolumn Layout with Positioning Using Floats to Display Columns in Any Order Designing an Asymmetric Layout Designing Resolution-Independent Layouts Hacks, Workarounds, and Troubleshooting Overriding Inline Styles Diagnosing CSS Bugs and Browser Issues Using Bookmarklets to Troubleshoot CSS ' Using Browser Extensions to Troubleshoot CSS Patching Up Internet Explorer Patching Up Internet Explorer 6 with JavaScript Using Conditional Comments to Deliver Styles to Different Versions of Internet Explorer 559 % xii Table of Contents

8 Using CSS Filters to Deliver CSS Rules to Almost Any Browser Setting Up an Intelligent CSS Delivery System for Modern Browsers >.. ' Testing a Site Design on More Than One Platform with Only One Computer Testing a Website with a Text Browser Designing with CSS Enlarging Text Excessively Creating Unexpected Incongruity Combining Unlike Elements to Create Contrast Leading the Eye with Contrast ' Checking for Enough Color Contrast Emphasizing a Quotation with Smart Quotes Setting a Moving Background Scene When a User Resizes the Window Adding Animation to Elements on a Page Creating a Fireworks Display As a User Scrolls Customizing the View Source Stylesheet for Firefox Designing with Grids (CSS Frameworks) Sample Design: A Cohesive Web Design Sample Design: The U.S. Flag.; Interacting with JavaScript Determining Whether JavaScript Is Available Within a Browser Applying a Different Stylesheet Based on the Time of Day Redirecting to a Mobile Site Based on the Browser's Screen Width Adding a JavaScript Framework to a Web Page Using CSS3 Selectors in IE6 and IE Zebra-Striping an HTML Table with JavaScript Highlighting a Table Row with Mouseovers Adding Effects to Simple Image Rollovers Making a Row of Elements with a Variable Amount of Content the Same Height Setting a Link to Open a New Window Making an Entire div Element Clickable Supporting Transparent PNGs in IE6 with JavaScript Delivering HTML5 and CSS3 to Browsers That Can Handle Them 642 A. Resources 645 r Table of Contents xiii

9 I ; i I! B. CSS 2.1 Properties and Proprietary Extensions 651 C. CSS 2.1 Selectors, Pseudo-Classes, and Pseudo-Elements 669 D. CSS3 Selectors and Pseudo-Classes 673 E. Styling of Form Elements 677 Index 679 xiv Table of Contents

CSS THE M\SS1NG MANUAL. David Sawyer McFarland. POGUE PRESS" O'REILLr Beijing Cambridge Farnham Köln Paris Sebastopol Taipei Tokyo

$CSS THE M\SS1NG MANUAL. David Sawyer McFarland. POGUE PRESS O'REILLr Beijing Cambridge Farnham Köln Paris Sebastopol Taipei Tokyo$ CSS THE M\SS1NG MANUAL David Sawyer McFarland POGUE PRESS" O'REILLr Beijing Cambridge Farnham Köln Paris Sebastopol Taipei Tokyo Table of Contents The Missing Credits Introduction xiii I Part One: CSS