Adding a block devices and extending file systems in Linux environments
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1 Adding a block devices and extending file systems in Linux environments In this exercise we simulate situation where user files partition /home fills up and needs to be extended. Also we migrate from static partition to LVM2 dynamic logical volume. VM template used in this exercise: storage.ova can be found Avalik/linuxiadmin-septer Note: it is easier to do this exercise when you define port-forwarding in VM settings. (Settings, Network, Adapter1, Advanced, port forwarding.) Host port 2222, local port 22. Now you can connect your VM via ssh ssh localhost -p This enables copy-paste, keyboard layout switching etc. Preparing for exercise Import storage.ova and start VM logins: student / student root / student If you logged on as student sudo su - gives you a permanent root. Use commands df, du, mount and see that /home partition is really a ridiculously small (in modern terms) df -h du -hs /home disk usage cat /etc /fstab system partition mount configuration blkid block device identification via UUID lsblk My favorite. Really neat command that shows block devices, corresponding file systems and mount points. If it is not available, do apt-get update apt-get install util-linux fdisk -l shows all block devices and partitions recognized by kernel. Before proceeding further take your time and make a note to yourself: block devices and partitions currently present on system. Where is /home??? Let s see how /home partition is configured mount
2 fdisk -l /dev/sdb It is old-school static partition. Adding and configuring block device Stop VM (halt) and add block device. VM -> settings -> storage -> SATA controller -> Add new storage attachment -> Add hard disk -> Create New Disk Go with defaults (you may have to change disk image name though) and restart VM. Let s try to find out under what name our new device appeared dmesg grep sd blkid lsblk Take a note that blkid DOES NOT SHOW this device. Why. Because blkid only deals with devices already initialized by user. If you read output of dmesg carefully you notice that new block device /dev/sdc appeared. Another very useful command is hwinfo. Its not installed by default, so we have to install it apt-get update apt-get install hwinfo hwinfo --disk --short Anyway you should have found out by no that you have new block device /dev/sdc Let s initialize it First lets check out, that it is really a new uninitialized block device fdisk -l /dev/sdc Yes, fdisk output shows that it really is a new uninitialized block device. First we need a partition table and at least one partition fdisk /dev/sdc By default fdisk automatically generates oldsk00l MBR partition table (DOS disklabel). This is OK in our environment. fdisk commands n (new partition) accept defaults! t (change partition type) set 8e (Linux LVM) If you did everything right (p P-rint partition table) should show Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type /dev/sdc G 8e Linux LVM If everything all right press w (as W-rite) and enter. This writes newly created configuration to disk and exit fdisk.
3 LVM Now we have to install lvm2 support apt-get update apt-get install lvm2 We already have partition suitable for LVM, now we have to initialize and configure it. Let s recall theory LVM physical volume (PV) belongs to Volume Ggroup (VG). PV-s belonging to same VG can be grouped as one or more Logical Volume (LV). Only LV-s can hold file systems and be used as usual partitions. So, physical volume pvcreate /dev/sdc1 Note, that we create PV on partition not on whole raw device (/dev/sdc) (latter is possible, but bad practice!) Testing pvscan Should output newly created PV PV created, let s create VG for it vgcreate home-vg /dev/sdc1 vgdisplay Output should show VG named home-vg, containing one PV Finally we need LV to actually use newly created storage space lvcreate -l 100%FREE -n home-lv home-vg Use all unused PV space in VG and create LV named home-lv Note, that LV operates with storage space not with actual block devices. We can do LV that uses only PART of the free space or LV that uses MORE THAN ONE PV. LV deals with storage space provided by VG, VG deals with actual block devices. Keep that in mind. Test lvdisplay Should be there (if you did everything right) No we need a file system on that LV mkfs -t ext4 /dev/home-vg/home-lv
4 Mount new file system to temporary directory mount /dev/home-vg/home-lv /mnt ls -lah /mnt df -h Migration Now we have usable file system on LVM. Our goal is to migrate exsisting data on /home partition to this new file system and remount it as /home. Good practice is to do this kind of things in single mode to ensure any of the user files are not modified during migration. Sidenote: live migration is available on very modern systems, but in real life you inherit legacy systems sometimes 10+ years old, and have to maintain those. This method works 100% sure on new and old linuxes alike. Init single mode init 1 Password still student. Copy everything in home to newly created partition cp -va /home/* /mnt Test your copy diff -qr /home /mnt If no output is given, everything went OK Sidenote: 100% guarantee gives Lloyds Insurance and md5 hash (ex. find. -type f xargs md5sum > sums.md5). We do not do it on exercise because it will take a LOT of time. You may think about it, when you migrate a really really critical data. (And of course Real Admin always has a good and verified backup copy handy as plan B) Now we need a persistent name for our newly copied file system blkid We ll see UUID and also dev-mapper. names It is more comfortable to use dev-mapper as mount point target, but more safe to use UUID. At least root should be mounted by UUID (bcause it makes everything else tick ) other file systems can be mounted via /dev-mapper/vg Now, how to get this very-long-and-very-unintuitive-string to fstab without errors? Use TAB completion either You decide to use /dev/mapper/home vg-home home-lv or /dev/disk/by-uuid approach. Example covers UUID. Note: I can not give you exact command, because UUID, as the name says is UNIQUE for every VM. ls /dev/disk/by-uuid/8...
5 It is a good idea to make a backup copy of your /etc/fstab file now. Use command history to get previous command and modify it as on the following example (see below). NB! BE very cautious. You need to use TWO >> marks otherwise you destroy your fstab file. Example: Add echo at the beginningg... remove ls and everything until UUID, close quote, add forward >> and set target /etc/fstab Look at the last line of the example. umount /mnt and /home umount /mnt umount /home open file /etc/fstab with you favourite text editor You have to modify the fail this way, that the old /home mount point points to the newly created LVM partition via UUID. See the example Old one Modified
6 Remount everything mount -a Use commands df -h, ls -lah /home ja mount that /home is remounted to new location and all the data is there. When everything seems OK, then reboot LVM and extending the file system Now we have some unused space on /dev/sdb, why not to use it? (old home ) Let s make some use of it Now you have to think independently: WHAT do you do, WHAT the commands, given do, and what happens. First convert the partition to LVM fdisk /dev/sdb t -> 8e w pvcreate /dev/sdb1 Add PV to VG vgextend home-vg /dev/sdb1 Extend LV using all available space lvextend -l +100%FREE /dev/mapper/home--vg-home--lv Extend file system (this time, we do it live because we like to live dangerous life) or see above resize2fs /dev/mapper/home vg-home--lv Output:... The filesystem on /dev/mapper/home--vg-home--lv is now (4k) blocks long. Safe mode guys/gals umount /home e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/home vg-home lv resize2fs /dev/mapper/home vg-home lv mount /home End.
7
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