SPSS 11.5 for Windows Assignment 2

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1 1 SPSS 11.5 for Windows Assignment 2 Material covered: Generating frequency distributions and descriptive statistics, converting raw scores to standard scores, creating variables using the Compute option, obtaining printouts from SPSS, inserting a Text Box. 1. Please open and read the description of the SPSS bpdata.sav data file that is available on my website on the Data Sets page. 2. Please open the SPSS data file bpdata.sav that is available on Data Sets page. To generate a frequency distribution Click the Analyze pull-down menu. You should now see various options that SPSS provides for data analysis. go to Descriptive Statistics click Frequencies highlight a variable you want to examine and click the arrow to move that variable to the variables box towards the right of the window. You can put as many variables as you want in this box. Go ahead and select the variables age and traitan1. click the statistics option click in the boxes for the measures you d like to get descriptive statistics on. Here, try checking the mean, median, and standard deviation options. click continue click the charts option click the histograms option click the With normal curve option. This will provide an overlay of a normal distribution on top of the frequency distribution for the variable being graphed. This provides a convenient way to get a sense of how close the distribution for that variables comes to that of a normal distribution. click continue Back at the main frequencies menu, click OK Working with an output window The program will now present you with an output window. The top of each section of output always contains a title. In this case the title is Frequencies. You can change this title to whatever you want. To change the title, double-click anywhere within the existing title. You ll see a box with dashed lines appear around the existing title and a blinking cursor at the start of the box. At this point you can delete any of the original text you want and put in a title that makes sense to you. When you re working on your own analyses you ll want to put in titles that make it clear what information is contained in this section of output; for example here we might put Frequency distributions for age and trait anxiety, all subjects.

2 2 Titles make it much easier to make sense out of printouts of your output when you go back to them weeks or months later. The left window provides you with an outline of what is contained in the output. You should be seeing a branch for Frequencies and then branches from Frequencies that are labeled Title, Notes, Statistics, traitan1, etc. Each of these branches represents a section of the output that SPSS has generated. You can go to a different section of the output window just by clicking on the branch for the section you want. You can hide or display any of these parts of the output by double-clicking on that row. Notice that branch labeled Notes has a closed book icon next to it. This indicates that this section of the output is not being currently displayed in the output window (the open book icon indicates that a section of output is currently being displayed). Go ahead and double-click on the notes branch. A section of output has opened up that provides some useful information about the procedure that SPSS has just executed. For example, it can tell you the date the job was run, whether the analysis was limited to a certain groups of subjects, and it gives you the SPSS syntax (command language) that corresponds to the options you selected within the windows version of the program. For example, the syntax frequencies variables = traitan1 age/statistics = stddev mean median represents the programming language that researchers used to have to submit to SPSS to get the same job done. Nowadays, you don t have to generate these programming lines yourself (SPSS does this for you), but after you get used to looking at these command lines they give you a very useful way of reminding yourself of what exactly you d asked SPSS to do for you. We ll talk about this later, but SPSS also provides a very easy way of storing these command lines so that later on, when you want to run the same job again, you can just re-submit a file that contains these same command lines. In other words, saving these command lines to a file is a way of saving your work so that you don t have to figure out how to do something all over again. The larger window on the right contains the output. You can move up or down through the output using the arrows at the left side of the window. Just for fun, double click on the histogram for age. This will put the graph in a Chart Editor window that you can print the graph or save it to a separate document. The Chart Editor also allows you change many aspects of the graph, such as the title, axis labels, the number of intervals in the frequency distribution, and so on. One particularly interesting thing to look at is what happens when you change the number of intervals in the histograph. To do this Double click on the values on the X-axis. You should get an Interval Axis window Under Intervals, click custom Click define Change the number of intervals to several different values and see if this changes the shape of the frequency distribution. Notice that the statistics you asked for are located just to the right of the graph.

3 3 When you get a chance, try clicking on different parts of the graph to get a sense of how to alter the appearance of the graph. Go ahead and minimize the Chart Window to get back to the Output Window. The minimize button is at the top-left corner of the window. Just like in other Windows programs, the minimize button is the one on the left (the flat line). If you wanted to get rid of the chart you could just click the X and it would close this window. Saving an output window to a file You can easily save an output window to a file so that you can go back to it later. To do this you click File, then click Save as, then enter the filename you want and select the folder where you want the file to go. I would suggest that you name this output file assign2 and save it to your h: drive. Printing the contents of an output window You can print all or any part of an output window. In the branching tree part of the output window (the left-hand side) highlight the section of the output you want to print (for example, to select the entire contents of the frequencies section, click on the frequencies branch). Now click File, click Print, and select the options you want in the Print window. If there s a section of output you don t want to print, simply double-click on its row in the branching tree diagram. This will eliminate it from the display on the righthand side of the output window and you ll get the closed book icon for that branch of the output. A good way to save paper is to use the Properties option when you enter the printer window. Here, you ve got the option to put 1, 2, 4, 6, or even 9 (with a magnifying glass) pages of output onto a single printed page. When I ask you to print stuff for class, try to use the 4 output pages per printed page option. Getting descriptive statistics If you want descriptive statistics, but don t want to have to wade through a bunch of frequency distribution tables, the descriptives window is a nice option. Click Analyze Click Descriptive Statistics Click Descriptives Highlight a variable you want you use and click on the arrow to put it in the Variable(s) window. You can do this with as many variables as you want. For this assignment, select the variable age and traitan1. Click the Options button Click the empty boxes next to the descriptive statistics that you want. Select the mean and the standard deviation. Click continue, then OK

4 4 The output for the descriptive statistics are added to the bottom of the existing output file. Converting raw scores to standard scores and saving the standard scores as new variables Click Analyze Click Descriptive Statistics Click Descriptives Highlight the name of a variable to be converted and then click the right arrow. For example, select two variables age and traitan1 Click the open box beside Save standardized values as variables Click OK Minimize the output window to bring back the spreadsheet. Move to the last two columns of the spreadsheet. Two new variables have been created (adding two new columns) zage and ztraitan1 Now let s look at the means and standard deviations for these two new variables. Click Analyze Click Descriptive Statistics Click Descriptives Add the names for the two new variables to the selected variables box (there should now be four variable names in there). Click off the Save standardized values option (because you don t need to create the same standard scores a second time). Under options make sure the mean and standard deviation are selected. Click continue to leave the options window. Click OK under the descriptives window. Check out the means and standard deviations of the four variables. Notice that the means for zage and ztraitan1 are and the standard deviations are Creating a new variable using a compute statement A compute statement is a tool for creating a new variable from mathematical manipulations and combinations of variables that already exist in the data set. For example, let s say that we wanted to create a new variable for blood pressure that takes both systolic and diastolic blood pressure into account. So you decide to simply add the two measures of blood pressure together: Systolic BP + Diastolic BP = BP total. To do this in SPSS Click Transform Click Compute

5 5 In the Compute Variable window, type in the name for the new variable in the Target Variable box. Try typing bptot1 in this box. The 1 is suggested because we re only going to use the blood pressure data collected at time 1. In the Numeric Expression box, type diabp1 + sysbp1 Click OK The new variable bptot1 should now appear as the last variable in the spreadsheet. If you want to get the mean of a set of two variables, the text in the Numeric Expression box would go (var1 + var2)/2. The format for the text that appears in this box basically follows common algebraic expression (i.e., the stuff in the parentheses gets computed first). Creating a new variable using an if-then statement An if-then statement is just what it sounds like: it says if this happens, then do this. A place where this type of statement comes in handy is in creating a discontinuous variable from a continuous variable. For example, let s say that you want to compare the younger subjects in the study to the older subjects in the study. You know the ages of every subject in the study, but there is no such variable as Age Group in the set. Age is a continuous variable, but you want to create a new variable that has only two levels: younger and older. Verbally you could say that If a subject is less than or equal to 55 years of age, then give them a score of 1 for a new variable called Age Group. If a subject is greater than 55 years of age, then give them a score of 2 for a new variable called Age Group. This let s you convert the continuous variable of Age to the discontinuous variable of Age Group (with scores of only 1 or 2). To create this new variable in SPSS Click Transform Click Compute Let s say that the name for the target variable is agegrp short for Age Group so that s what you type in the Target Variable box. Now type a 1 in the Numeric Expression box. The combination of the target variable agegrp and the numeric expression 1 is read as agegrp equals 1. But we want to assign a subject to level 1 of agegrp only if they fit a certain criterion if they are less than or equal to 55 years of age. Now click the If button. Click Include if case satisfies condition Type age <= 55 Type Continue Click OK. A new variable, agegrp, is created in the spreadsheet. But notice that the value for many of the subjects is missing. That s because we ve only told SPSS how to label cases for subjects that are less than or equal to 55 years of age. To fill in the

6 6 cells for the other subjects we need to repeat the procedure above, but just change some of the text in the if-then statement. Click transform Click Compute Remember that what we want to say now is that if the subjects are over 55, then the numerical label for those subjects will be a 2. Make sure that the target variable is still agrgrp. Now put in a 2 for the Numeric Expression. Click If and then type age > 55 in the box contained in the Compute Variables: If cases window. Click Continue Click OK then click Yes, you want to change the existing variable. Now in the spreadsheet, every subject has been assigned a value of 1 or 2. Every subject has been placed in the younger (age <= 55) or older (age > 55) group. Exercises 1. Use the compute statement to create a new variable called tranxmn by calculating the mean Trait Anxiety score at times 1 and Create a new variable that provides standard scores for the new variable tranxmn. 3. Create a new variable called dsymgrp1 that (a) assigns a score of 1 if subjects have scores that are less than or equal to 65 on the digit symbol test at time 1 and (b) assigns a score of 2 if subjects have scores on the digit symbol test at time 1 that are greater than 65. Remember, it s the identical procedure to creating the discontinuous variable agegrp in the example above. 4. Use the Select Cases procedure to get descriptive statistics (i.e., mean and standard deviation) on the new variable tranxmn for subjects with a value of 1 for the new variable dsymgrp 5. Turn the Select Cases selection criterion off so that you can use the data from all of the participants again. Using the frequencies option, create a graph that displays the histogram for the scores for the variable tranxmn. Provide an overlay of the normal curve in this graph. Use the Chart Editor to change the title of the graph to say something like [MyName] s histogram. In other words, in my chart I d make the title say Tom s histogram. 6. Use the Chart Editor to generate three additional graph s that display the frequency distribution using 5, 10, and 15 intervals. You can use the Copy and Paste After options from the Edit pull-down menu to create multiple copies of the chart. 7. Does the distribution appear to be normal? Why do you think so? Please provide your answer in a Text Box located at the bottom of your output window. To create a text box Go to the branching tree list of the various sections of your output window (located on the left-hand side of the output window). Click on the name (row) for the section of output above where you want your textbox to be located. Click Insert Click New Text Now double-click inside the new box. Type whatever you want to add to the output window. When you click anywhere outside of the textbox, your text

7 7 will still appear in the output window, but the box itself will not be visible. If you want to add anything else to the box, double-click anywhere on the text and the outline of the box will reappear so that you can change your text. Please hand in a printout of all of the output generated in this assignment. Please print four pages of output on each printed page.

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