Unix L555. Dept. of Linguistics, Indiana University Fall Unix. Unix. Directories. Files. Useful Commands. Permissions. tar.
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1 L555 Dept. of Linguistics, Indiana University Fall / 21
2 What is? is an operating system, like DOS or Windows developed in 1969 by Bell Labs works well for single computers as well as for servers now also underlying operating system for Macs Linux: open source version of unix (mostly for PCs) 2 / 21
3 Directory Structure directory = folder directory structure: tree structure Important directories: home directory: your private directory (/Users/guest) root node: / important directories on a Mac: /Applications /Users /Volumes /Volumes/Data/Corpora (on jones!) 3 / 21
4 Graphical Representation / Applications Users Volumes mdickinson guest... Data Corpora ar en de multilingual 4 / 21
5 for list files in current directory: ls list files with more information: ls -l 5 / 21
6 for list files in current directory: ls list files with more information: ls -l change directories: cd <to> two possibilities to specify <to>: from root: cd /Users/mdickinson 5 / 21
7 for list files in current directory: ls list files with more information: ls -l change directories: cd <to> two possibilities to specify <to>: from root: cd /Users/mdickinson from where we are: cd../mdickinson.. means go up 5 / 21
8 for list files in current directory: ls list files with more information: ls -l change directories: cd <to> two possibilities to specify <to>: from root: cd /Users/mdickinson from where we are: cd../mdickinson.. means go up go back to home directory: cd 5 / 21
9 for list files in current directory: ls list files with more information: ls -l change directories: cd <to> two possibilities to specify <to>: from root: cd /Users/mdickinson from where we are: cd../mdickinson.. means go up go back to home directory: cd show the directory where you are: pwd 5 / 21
10 Useful Shortcuts TAB completion If you st typing a command or filename, then press TAB, the shell will complete the word for you as far as possible. Command history The shell keeps a history of your commands. To scroll through them, simply press the up arrow key. 6 / 21
11 Looking at display contents of file in terminal: cat <filename> 7 / 21
12 Looking at display contents of file in terminal: cat <filename> display page by page: less <filename> 7 / 21
13 Looking at display contents of file in terminal: cat <filename> display page by page: less <filename> next page: space bar quit:q 7 / 21
14 Looking at display contents of file in terminal: cat <filename> display page by page: less <filename> next page: space bar quit:q go to beginning of file:g go to end of file:g 7 / 21
15 Looking at display contents of file in terminal: cat <filename> display page by page: less <filename> next page: space bar quit:q go to beginning of file:g go to end of file:g search forward:/<expression> + hit return search backward:?<expression> + hit return in search: next found occurrence: n 7 / 21
16 Looking at display contents of file in terminal: cat <filename> display page by page: less <filename> next page: space bar quit:q go to beginning of file:g go to end of file:g search forward:/<expression> + hit return search backward:?<expression> + hit return in search: next found occurrence: n Likewise, there is the more <filename> command 7 / 21
17 Looking at display beginning of file (normally 10): head <filename> 8 / 21
18 Looking at display beginning of file (normally 10): head <filename> display X beginning lines of file: head -n X <filename> 8 / 21
19 Looking at display beginning of file (normally 10): head <filename> display X beginning lines of file: head -n X <filename> display end of file (normally 10): tail <filename> 8 / 21
20 Looking at display beginning of file (normally 10): head <filename> display X beginning lines of file: head -n X <filename> display end of file (normally 10): tail <filename> count number of lines, words, characters in a file: wc <filename> 8 / 21
21 More list files that end in.txt : ls *.txt 9 / 21
22 More list files that end in.txt : ls *.txt make directory: mkdir <path/><dirname> 9 / 21
23 More list files that end in.txt : ls *.txt make directory: mkdir <path/><dirname> subdirectory: mkdir results in your home directory: mkdir /results 9 / 21
24 More list files that end in.txt : ls *.txt make directory: mkdir <path/><dirname> subdirectory: mkdir results in your home directory: mkdir /results copy a file from one location to another: cp <filename> <path/> 9 / 21
25 More list files that end in.txt : ls *.txt make directory: mkdir <path/><dirname> subdirectory: mkdir results in your home directory: mkdir /results copy a file from one location to another: cp <filename> <path/> copy a file to the directory results in your home directory: cp dates.txt /results 9 / 21
26 More (2) sort your file: sort <filename> 10 / 21
27 More (2) sort your file: sort <filename> sort (numbers) in numeric order: sort -n <filename> 10 / 21
28 More (2) sort your file: sort <filename> sort (numbers) in numeric order: sort -n <filename> find a word in a file and display all the lines in which it occurred: grep <word> <fromfile> 10 / 21
29 More (2) sort your file: sort <filename> sort (numbers) in numeric order: sort -n <filename> find a word in a file and display all the lines in which it occurred: grep <word> <fromfile> find a word in a file and display all the lines in which it occurred and save results into a file in your home directory: grep <word> <fromfile> > /<tofile> 10 / 21
30 More (2) sort your file: sort <filename> sort (numbers) in numeric order: sort -n <filename> find a word in a file and display all the lines in which it occurred: grep <word> <fromfile> find a word in a file and display all the lines in which it occurred and save results into a file in your home directory: grep <word> <fromfile> > /<tofile> example: grep linguistic mycorp.txt > /res.txt 10 / 21
31 More (3) delete lines (adjacent) with identical content: uniq <filename> 11 / 21
32 More (3) delete lines (adjacent) with identical content: uniq <filename> delete lines (adjacent) with identical content, but list how many were there: uniq -c <filename> 11 / 21
33 More (3) delete lines (adjacent) with identical content: uniq <filename> delete lines (adjacent) with identical content, but list how many were there: uniq -c <filename> display differences between two files diff <filename1> <filename2> 11 / 21
34 Permission System ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 root admin Nov Jokes.pdf drwxr-xr-x 15 root admin 510 Aug ar drwxr-xr-x 3 root admin 102 Aug cs drwxr-xr-x 4 root admin 136 Mar de drwxr-xr-x 35 root admin 1190 Feb 18 15:23 en 12 / 21
35 Permission System ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 root admin Nov Jokes.pdf drwxr-xr-x 15 root admin 510 Aug ar drwxr-xr-x 3 root admin 102 Aug cs drwxr-xr-x 4 root admin 136 Mar de drwxr-xr-x 35 root admin 1190 Feb 18 15:23 en change permissions: chmod <who><+/-><what> <file/dir> <who>: user =u; group=g; others =o; all =a; <what>: read =r; write =w; execute =x; 12 / 21
36 Permission System ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 root admin Nov Jokes.pdf drwxr-xr-x 15 root admin 510 Aug ar drwxr-xr-x 3 root admin 102 Aug cs drwxr-xr-x 4 root admin 136 Mar de drwxr-xr-x 35 root admin 1190 Feb 18 15:23 en change permissions: chmod <who><+/-><what> <file/dir> <who>: user =u; group=g; others =o; all =a; <what>: read =r; write =w; execute =x; example: give user write permissions for file hello.txt : chmod u+w hello.txt 12 / 21
37 Permission System ls -l -rw-r--r-- 1 root admin Nov Jokes.pdf drwxr-xr-x 15 root admin 510 Aug ar drwxr-xr-x 3 root admin 102 Aug cs drwxr-xr-x 4 root admin 136 Mar de drwxr-xr-x 35 root admin 1190 Feb 18 15:23 en change permissions: chmod <who><+/-><what> <file/dir> <who>: user =u; group=g; others =o; all =a; <what>: read =r; write =w; execute =x; example: give user write permissions for file hello.txt : chmod u+w hello.txt example: deny others write and execute permissions for directory test : chmod o-wx test 12 / 21
38 Packing and Unpacking pack a file: gzip <file> results in <file>.gz 13 / 21
39 Packing and Unpacking pack a file: gzip <file> results in <file>.gz unpack file: gunzip <file>.gz 13 / 21
40 Packing and Unpacking pack a file: gzip <file> results in <file>.gz unpack file: gunzip <file>.gz pack more than one file: cvf <resultfile>. <file or directory> unpack: xvf <file>. 13 / 21
41 Packing and Unpacking pack a file: gzip <file> results in <file>.gz unpack file: gunzip <file>.gz pack more than one file: cvf <resultfile>. <file or directory> unpack: xvf <file>. and gzip: cvzf <resultfile>.tgz <file directory> unpack: xvzf <file>.tgz 13 / 21
42 More on Copy and Move copy a file from one location to another: cp <path/filename> <path/filename> 14 / 21
43 More on Copy and Move copy a file from one location to another: cp <path/filename> <path/filename> move a file from one location to another: mv <filename> <path/> 14 / 21
44 More on Copy and Move copy a file from one location to another: cp <path/filename> <path/filename> move a file from one location to another: mv <filename> <path/> rename a file: mv <oldfilename> <newfilename> 14 / 21
45 More on Copy and Move copy a file from one location to another: cp <path/filename> <path/filename> move a file from one location to another: mv <filename> <path/> rename a file: mv <oldfilename> <newfilename> remove a file: rm <filename> 14 / 21
46 More on Copy and Move copy a file from one location to another: cp <path/filename> <path/filename> move a file from one location to another: mv <filename> <path/> rename a file: mv <oldfilename> <newfilename> remove a file: rm <filename> remove a directory including contents: rm -r <dir> 14 / 21
47 Important Shortcuts in Paths.. (go) up one directory. here home directory 15 / 21
48 Translate exchange characters for others: tr aeiou X < <filename> tr aeiou AEIOU < <filename> collapse characters (squeeze): tr -s J < <filename> exchange complement of characters for others: tr -c a-z \n < <filename> \n is a linebreak 16 / 21
49 Putting Commands Together < use following filename as input file > use following filename as output file use output of preceding command as input for following commands 17 / 21
50 Putting Commands Together < use following filename as input file > use following filename as output file use output of preceding command as input for following commands example: cat <infile> tr A-Z a-z sort > <outfile> 17 / 21
51 Find out More man <command> 18 / 21
52 Remote Login login: ssh machinename e.g. ssh guest@jones.ling.indiana.edu logout: exit 19 / 21
53 Remote Copy to copy a local file to (your home directory) on another machine: scp <filename> <machine>: e.g. scp vm.pos jones.ling.indiana.edu: to copy a file from another machine to the current directory: scp <machine>:<path>/<filename>. e.g. scp jones.ling.indiana.edu:/volumes/data/ Corpora/en/penntreebankv3/readme.all. (in one line!) 20 / 21
54 emacs is a fairly basic text editor that can be run in a window or in the shell to st emacs: emacs <filename> to quit: Ctrl-x Ctrl-c save: Ctrl-x Ctrl-s search: Ctrl-s 21 / 21
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