Nginx HTTP Server. Adopt Nginx for your web applications to make the most of your infrastructure and serve pages faster than ever.

Transcription

1 Nginx HTTP Server Adopt Nginx for your web applications to make the most of your infrastructure and serve pages faster than ever element Nedelcu [ ] ~men~e~eri~c::i~li~dce PUBLISHING BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

2 Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Preparing your Work Environment Setting up a terminal emulator Finding and downloading PuTTY Creating a session Working with PuTTY and the shell Basic shell commands File and directory management User and group management Superuser account User accounts Group management Programs and processes Starting an application System services Process management Discovering the Linux filesystem Directory structure Special files and devices Device types Pseudo devices Mounting a storage device Files and inodes EXT3 filesystem specifications Filenames Inodes Atime. ctime, and mtime Symbolic and hard links File manipulation Reading a file

3 Table of Contents Editing a file Compression and archiving System administration tools Running a command as Superuser Su command Sudo command System verification and maintenance Disk Free Disk Usage Free memory Software packages Package managers Downloading and installing packages manually Building from source Files and permissions Understanding file permissions Directory permissions Octal representation Changing permissions Changing ownership and group Chapter 2: Downloading and Installing Nginx Setting up the prerequisites GCC - GNU Compiler Collection PCRE library zlib library OpenSSL Downloading Nginx Websites and resources Version branches Features Downloading and extracting Configure options The easy way Path options Prerequisites options Module options Modules enabled by default Modules disabled by default Miscellaneous options Configuration examples About the prefix switch Regular HTTP and HTTPS servers All modules enabled [ ii ]

4 Table ofcontents Mail server proxy Build configuration issues Make sure you installed the prerequisites Directories exist and are writable Compiling and installing Controlling the Nginx service Daemons and services User and group Nginx command-line switches Starting and stopping the daemon Testing the configuration Other switches Adding Nginx as a system service System V scripts What is an init script? Creating an init script for Nginx Installing the script Debian-based distributions Red Hat-based distributions Chapter 3: Basic Nginx Configuration Configuration file syntax Configuration Directives Organization and inclusions Directive blocks Advanced language rules Directives accept specific synlaxes Diminutives in directive values Variables String values Base module directives What are base modules? Nginx process architecture Core module directives Events module Configuration module A configuration for your profile Understanding the default configuration Necessary adjustments Adapting to your hardware Testing your server Creating a test server ~---~.~ [iii]

5 Table ofcontents Performance tests Httperf Autobench OpenWebload Upgrading Nginx gracefully Chapter 4: HTTP Configuration HTTP Core module Structure blocks Module directives Socket and host configuration Paths and documents Client requests MIME Types Limits and restrictions File processing and caching Other directives Module variables Request headers Response headers Nginx generated The Location block Location modifier Search order and priority Gase 1: Gase 2: Gase 3: Chapter 5: Module Configuration Rewrite module Reminder on regular expressions Purpose PGRE syntax Quantifiers Gaptures Internal requests error_page Rewrite Infinite loops Server Side Includes (551) Conditional structure Directives Common rewrite rules [iv]

6 Table ofcontents Performing a search User profile page Multiple parameters Wikipedia-like News website article Discussion board 551 module Module directives and variables SSI Commands File includes Working with variables Conditional structure Configuration Additional modules Website access and logging Index Autoindex Random index Log Limits and restrietions Auth_basic module Access Limit zone Limit request Content and encoding Empty GIF FLV HTTP headers Addition Substitution Gzip filter Gzip static Charset filter Memcached Image filter XSLT About your visitors Browser Map Geo GeolP UserlD filter Referer RealiP SSL and security SSL Setting up an SSL certificate Secure link [v]

7 Table ofcontents Other miscellaneous modules Stub status Google-perftools WebDAV Third-party modules Chapter 6: PHP and Python with Nginx Introduction to FastCGI Understanding the mechanism Common Gateway Interface (CGI) Fast Common Gateway Interface (FastCGI) Main directives FastCGI caching Upstream blocks Module syntax Server directive PHP with Nginx Architecture PHP FPM Setting up PHP and PHP-FPM Downloading and extraeting Patching Requirements Building PHP Post-install configuration Running and controlling Nginx configuration Python and Nginx Django Setting up Python and Django Python Django Starting the FastCGI process manager Nginx configuration Chapter 7: Apache and Nginx Together Nginx as reverse proxy Understanding the issue The reverse proxy mechanism Advantages and disadvantages Nginx Proxy module Main directives [vi]

8 Table 0/ Contents Caching, buffering, and temporary files Limits, timeouts, and errors Other directives Variables Configuring Apache and Nginx Reconfiguring Apache Configuration overview Resetting the port number Accepting local requests only Configuring Nginx Enabling proxy options Separating content Advanced configuration Additional steps Forwarding the correct IP address SSL issues and solutions Server control panel issues Chapter 8: From Apache to Nginx Nginx versus Apache Features Core and functioning General functionality Flexibility and community Performance Usage Conclusion Porting your Apache configuration Directives Modules Virtual hosts and configuration sections Configuration sections Creating a virtual host htaccess files Reminder on Apache.htaccess files Nginx equivalence Rewrite rules General remarks On the location On the syntax RewriteRule (vii]

9 Table o[ Con tents WordPress MediaWiki vbulietin Appendix A: Directive Index Appendix B: Module Reference Access Addition* Auth_basic module Autoindex Browser Charset Core DAV* Empty GIF Events FastCGI FLV* Geo Geo IP* Google-perftools* Gzip Gzip Static* Headers HTTP Core Image Filter* Index Limit Requests Limit Zone Log Map Memcached Proxy Random index* ReallP* Referer Rewrite Secure Link* SSI SSL* [viii]

10 Table ofcontents Stub status* Substitution* Upstream User 10 XSLT* Appendix C: Troubleshooting General tips on troubleshooting Checking access permissions Testing your configuration Have you reloaded the service? Checking logs Install issues 403 Forbidden custom error page Location block priorities If block issues Inefficient statements Unexpected behavior Index [ix]