Fundamentals of Programming Session 27
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1 Fundamentals of Programming Session 27 Instructor: Reza Entezari-Maleki 1 Fall 2013 These slides have been created using Deitel s slides Sharif University of Technology
2 Outlines File Processing Data Hierarchy Files and Streams Creating a Sequential-Access File Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File Updating Sequential-Access Files 2
3 File Processing Storage of data Arrays, variables are temporary Files are permanent Magnetic disk, optical disk, tapes 3
4 Data Hierarchy From smallest to largest Bit (binary digit) 1 or 0 Everything in computer ultimately represented as bits Cumbersome for humans to use Character set Digits, letters, symbols used to represent data Every character represented by 1's and 0's Byte: 8 bits Can store a character (char) 4
5 Data Hierarchy From smallest to largest (continued) Field: group of characters with some meaning Your name Record: group of related fields struct or class in C++ Each field associated with same employee Record key: field used to uniquely identify record File: group of related records Sequential file: records stored by key Database: group of related files 5
6 Data Hierarchy Sally Tom Judy Iris Randy Black Blue Green Orange Red File Judy Judy Green Field Byte (ASCII character J) Record 1 Bit 6
7 Files and Streams C++ views file as sequence of bytes Ends with end-of-file marker n-1... end-of-file marker When file opened Object created, stream associated with it cin, cout, etc. created when <iostream> included Communication between program and file/device 7
8 Files and Streams To perform file processing Include <iostream> and <fstream> Class templates basic_ifstream (input) basic_ofstream (output) basic_fstream (I/O) 8
9 Creating a Sequential-Access File C++ imposes no structure on file Concept of "record" must be implemented by programmer To open file, create objects Classes ifstream (input only) ofstream (output only) fstream (I/O) Constructors take file name and file-open mode ofstream outclientfile( "filename", fileopenmode ); To attach a file later Ofstream outclientfile; outclientfile.open( "filename", fileopenmode); 9
10 Creating a Sequential-Access File File-open modes Mode ios::app ios::in ios::out ios::binary Description Write all output to the end of the file. Open a file for input. Open a file for output. Open a file for binary (i.e., non-text) input or output. ofstream opened for output by default ofstream outclientfile( "clients.dat", ios::out ); ofstream outclientfile( "clients.dat"); 10
11 Creating a Sequential-Access File Operations Overloaded operator!!outclientfile Returns nonzero (true) if badbit or failbit set Opened non-existent file for reading, wrong permissions Operations Writing to file (just like cout) outclientfile << myvariable Closing file outclientfile.close() Automatically closed when destructor called 11
12 12 1 #include <iostream> 2 using std::cout; 3 using std::cin; 4 using std::ios; 5 using std::cerr; 6 using std::endl; 7 #include <fstream> 8 using std::ofstream; 9 #include <cstdlib> // exit prototype 10 int main() 11 { 12 // ofstream constructor opens file 13 ofstream outclientfile( "clients.dat", ios::out ); 14 // exit program if unable to create file 15 if (!outclientfile ) { // overloaded! operator 16 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl; 17 exit( 1 ); 18 } // end if
13 13 19 cout << "Enter the account, name, and balance." << endl 20 << "Enter end-of-file to end input.\n? "; 21 int account; 22 char name[ 30 ]; 23 double balance; 24 // read account, name and balance from cin, then place in file 25 while ( cin >> account >> name >> balance ) { 26 outclientfile << account << ' ' << name << ' ' << balance 27 << endl; 28 cout << "? "; 29 } // end while 30 return 0; // ofstream destructor closes file 31 } // end main
14 Enter the account, name, and balance. Enter end-of-file to end input.? 100 Jones 24.98? 200 Doe ? 300 White 0.00? 400 Stone ? 500 Rich ? ^Z 14
15 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File Reading files ifstream inclientfile( "filename", ios::in ); Overloaded!!inClientFile tests if file was opened properly while (inclientfile >> myvariable) Stops when EOF found (gets value 0) 15
16 16 1 #include <iostream> 2 using std::cout; 3 using std::cin; 4 using std::ios; 5 using std::cerr; 6 using std::endl; 7 using std::left; 8 using std::right; 9 using std::fixed; 10 using std::showpoint; 11 #include <fstream> 12 using std::ifstream; 13 #include <iomanip> 14 using std::setw; 15 using std::setprecision; 16 #include <cstdlib> // exit prototype 17 void outputline( int, const char * const, double );
17 17 18 int main() 19 { 20 // ifstream constructor opens the file 21 ifstream inclientfile( "clients.dat", ios::in ); 22 // exit program if ifstream could not open file 23 if (!inclientfile ) { 24 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl; 25 exit( 1 ); 26 } // end if 27 int account; 28 char name[ 30 ]; 29 double balance; 30 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << "Account" << setw( 13 ) 31 << "Name" << "Balance" << endl << fixed << showpoint; 32 // display each record in file 33 while ( inclientfile >> account >> name >> balance ) 34 outputline( account, name, balance ); 35 return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file 36 } // end main
18 37 // display single record from file 38 void outputline( int account, const char * const name, 39 double balance ) 40 { 41 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name 42 << setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance 43 << endl; } // end function outputline Account Name Balance 100 Jones Doe White Stone Rich
19 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File File position pointers Number of next byte to read/write Functions to reposition pointer seekg (seek get for istream class) seekp (seek put for ostream class) seekg and seekp take offset and direction Offset: number of bytes relative to direction Direction (ios::beg default) ios::beg - relative to beginning of stream ios::cur - relative to current position ios::end - relative to end 19
20 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 20 Examples fileobject.seekg(0) Goes to front of file (location 0) because ios::beg is default fileobject.seekg(n) Goes to nth byte from beginning fileobject.seekg(n, ios::cur) Goes n bytes forward fileobject.seekg(y, ios::end) Goes y bytes back from end fileobject.seekg(0, ios::cur) Goes to last byte seekp similar
21 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File To find pointer location tellg and tellp location = fileobject.tellg() Upcoming example Credit manager program List accounts with zero balance, credit, and debit 21
22 22 1 #include <iostream> 2 using std::cout; 3 using std::cin; 4 using std::ios; 5 using std::cerr; 6 using std::endl; 7 using std::fixed; 8 using std::showpoint; 9 using std::left; 10 using std::right; 11 #include <fstream> 12 using std::ifstream; 13 #include <iomanip> 14 using std::setw; 15 using std::setprecision; 16 #include <cstdlib>
23 23 17 enum RequestType { ZERO_BALANCE = 1, CREDIT_BALANCE, 18 DEBIT_BALANCE, END }; 19 int getrequest(); 20 bool shoulddisplay( int, double ); 21 void outputline( int, const char * const, double ); 22 int main() 23 { 24 // ifstream constructor opens the file 25 ifstream inclientfile( "clients.dat", ios::in ); 26 // exit program if ifstream could not open file 27 if (!inclientfile ) { 28 cerr << "File could not be opened" << endl; 29 exit( 1 ); 30 } // end if 31 int request; 32 int account; 33 char name[ 30 ]; 34 double balance; 35 // get user's request (e.g., zero, credit or debit balance) 36 request = getrequest();
24 24 37 // process user's request 38 while ( request!= END ) { 39 switch ( request ) { 40 case ZERO_BALANCE: 41 cout << "\naccounts with zero balances:\n"; 42 break; 43 case CREDIT_BALANCE: 44 cout << "\naccounts with credit balances:\n"; 45 break; 46 case DEBIT_BALANCE: 47 cout << "\naccounts with debit balances:\n"; 48 break; 49 } // end switch
25 25 50 // read account, name and balance from file 51 inclientfile >> account >> name >> balance; 52 // display file contents (until eof) 53 while (!inclientfile.eof() ) { 54 // display record 55 if ( shoulddisplay( request, balance ) ) 56 outputline( account, name, balance ); 55 // read account, name and balance from file 57 inclientfile >> account >> name >> balance; 58 } // end inner while 59 inclientfile.clear(); // reset eof for next input 60 inclientfile.seekg( 0 ); // move to beginning of file 61 request = getrequest(); // get additional request from user 62 } // end outer while 63 cout << "End of run." << endl; 64 return 0; // ifstream destructor closes the file 65 } // end main
26 26 66 // obtain request from user 67 int getrequest() 68 { 69 int request; 70 // display request options 71 cout << "\nenter request" << endl 72 << " 1 - List accounts with zero balances" << endl 73 << " 2 - List accounts with credit balances" << endl 74 << " 3 - List accounts with debit balances" << endl 75 << " 4 - End of run" << fixed << showpoint; 76 // input user request 77 do { 78 cout << "\n? "; 79 cin >> request; 80 } while ( request < ZERO_BALANCE request > END ); 81 return request; 82 } // end function getrequest
27 27 83 // determine whether to display given record 84 bool shoulddisplay( int type, double balance ) 85 { 86 // determine whether to display credit balances 87 if ( type == CREDIT_BALANCE && balance > 0 ) 88 return true; 89 // determine whether to display debit balances 90 if ( type == DEBIT_BALANCE && balance < 0 ) 91 return true; 92 // determine whether to display zero balances 93 if ( type == ZERO_BALANCE && balance == 0 ) 94 return true; 95 return false; 96 } // end function shoulddisplay 97 // display single record from file 98 void outputline( int account, const char * const name, 99 double balance ) 100 { 101 cout << left << setw( 10 ) << account << setw( 13 ) << name 102 << setw( 7 ) << setprecision( 2 ) << right << balance 103 << endl; 104 } // end function outputline
28 Enter request 1 - List accounts with zero balances 2 - List accounts with credit balances 3 - List accounts with debit balances 4 - End of run? 1 Accounts with zero balances: 300 White 0.00 Enter request 1 - List accounts with zero balances 2 - List accounts with credit balances 3 - List accounts with debit balances 4 - End of run? 3 Accounts with debit balances: 400 Stone
29 Enter request 1 - List accounts with zero balances 2 - List accounts with credit balances 3 - List accounts with debit balances 4 - End of run? 2 Accounts with credit balances: 100 Jones Doe Rich Enter request 1 - List accounts with zero balances 2 - List accounts with credit balances 3 - List accounts with debit balances 4 - End of run? 4 End of run. 29
30 Updating Sequential-Access Files Updating sequential files Risk overwriting other data Example: change name "White" to "Worthington" Old data 300 White Jones Insert new data 300 Worthington White Jones Data gets overwritten Worthington 0.00ones Formatted text different from internal representation Problem can be avoided, but awkward
31 Thank you
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