Graphic User Interfaces. - GUI concepts - Swing - AWT
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1 Graphic User Interfaces - GUI concepts - Swing - AWT 1
2 What is GUI Graphic User Interfaces are used in programs to communicate more efficiently with computer users MacOS MS Windows X Windows etc 2
3 Considerations about GUI It s cool! Well, cooler than text-based communication It s difficult to program! Input: keyboard, mouse, joystick, tablet Output: windows, widget, coordinates Non-linear interaction Interface response 3
4 Basic concepts of GUI Modern GUI consist of: standard widgets (buttons, menus, ) OO, building blocks for the interface layout managers position and draw the widgets on the screen event dispatcher accepts and distributes the interface messages 4
5 Event-driven programming Your program will not run in a linear fashion (from a start to an end) Basically, it waits for events to occur and responds to them pieces of the code will wait to get invoked when necessary a dialog box waits until you press the OK button before it disappears 5
6 GUI Calculator There are buttons to interact with the program The program doesn t do anything on its own It responds in a certain way to the selection of each button 6
7 How it works GUI thread Code1 mouse, keys Event Dispatcher Buffer queue Code2 7
8 Java Swing The GUI of choice when using Java Classes are defined in javax.swing.* Has numerous widgets Performs event dispatching Manages layout 8
9 Widgets (interface elements) The Swing GUI consists of: buttons (JButton) panels (JPanel) text input (JTextField) checkboxes (JCheckBox) labels (JLabel) menus (JMenu) 9
10 Containers All widgets are placed in containers containers are GUI elements which group widgets The top-most containers are JFrame for application windows JDialog for dialog boxes JApplet for Java applets (web) 10
11 Containers (cont d) All containers extend the java.awt.container class add(component) remove(component) getcomponents() setlayout(layoutmanager) Other containers are: JPanel JScrollPane Containers can be added to other containers 11
12 Swing components JLabel label1=new JLabel( some text ); JButton button1=new JButton( button label ); JTextField text1=new JTextField(); JCheckBox cb1=new JCheckBox( checkbox label ); JRadioButton rb1=new JRadioButton( label 1 ); JRadioButton rb2=new JRadioButton( label 2 ); ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup(); group.add(rb1); group.add(rb2); 12
13 JFrame Components should be added to the content pane of the JFrame frame.getcontentpane().add(label); Usually you add all components to a JPanel, and then the JPanel to the content pane JPanel pane=new JPanel(); pane.add(label1); pane.add(label2); frame.getcontentpane().add(pane); 13
14 Basic Swing App import javax.swing.*; public class HelloWorldSwing { public static void main(string[] args) { JFrame frame = new JFrame("HelloWorldSwing"); final JLabel label = new JLabel("Hello world!"); frame.getcontentpane().add(label); frame.setdefaultcloseoperation(jframe.exit_on_close); frame.pack(); frame.setvisible(true); } } 14
15 Layout Manager Every Container has a Layout Manager associated with it. The manager takes care of the positioning of the components inside the container. Available managers are: Flow layout Border layout Grid layout Box Layout 15
16 java.awt.flowlayout Default for JPanels Places components in a row from left to right New rows are started if necessary You can choose the alignment and the gaps between components 16
17 java.awt.gridlayout You specify the number of rows and columns GridLayout lm=new GridLayout(3,2); Components get placed in separate cells left to right and top to bottom All cells have the same size depends on the largest component 17
18 java.awt.boxlayout Places components in a single row or column You need to specify the axis and container which will use the layout manager! BoxLayout lm= new BoxLayout(pane1, BoxLayout.X_AXIS); 18
19 java.awt.borderlayout Default for content panes Has five regions to add components: North (BorderLayout.NORTH) East (BorderLayout.EAST) South (BorderLayout.SOUTH) West (BorderLayout.WEST) Center (BorderLayout.CENTER) The size of the regions depends on the components you put in them. 19
20 java.awt.borderlayout North West Center East South JPanel pane=new JPanel(); pane.setlayout(new BorderLayout()); pane.add(label1,borderlayout.north); pane.add(button1,borderlayout.center); 20
21 Borders There is a class which creates borders BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder(t,l,b,r) All JComponents have a method to set the border pane.setborder( BorderFactory.createEmptyBorder( )); 21
22 Event handling After we build the interface, we need to make it perform some tasks The components should react to events which occur in the GUI a button was depressed a text field received focus an item from a list was selected the user selected Exit from the File menu 22
23 Event interfaces The java.awt.event.* package defines: events which can occur in the GUI MouseEvent interfaces for the classes which want to respond to these event MouseListener MouseMotionListener 23
24 How does it work? 1. You create a class which implements the interfaces for the events you wish to intercept 2. You register an instance of the class with the GUI 3. When the event occurs, the GUI calls the corresponding method of your instance (this is why the class has to implement prespecified interfaces) 24
25 Button example public class MyClass implements ActionListener { public void actionperformed(actionevent e) { System.out.println( clicked ); } public static main(string[] args) { MyClass demo=new MyClass(); JButton button=new JButton( Click me! ); button.addactionlistener(demo); } } 25
26 Event listeners We can attach many listeners to the GUI many instances can listen for a mouse click Each listener can listen for an event from many components the same listener can listen for clicked events from several buttons One class can implement many listener interfaces and listen to many types of events a single object can listen for both buttons being clicked and the mouse being moved 26
27 Another example JFrame frame=new JFrame( My frame ); frame.addwindowlistener( new WindowAdapter() { public void windowclosing(windowevent e) { System.exit(0); } }); OR frame.setdefaultcloseoperation(jframe.exit_on_close); 27
28 Execution of event handlers All Swing GUI code gets executed in its own thread (independent from your program) this makes sure all events get processed in order and that the update of components on the screen is valid When the method of a listener is called, it s executed in the GUI thread the GUI interface will be blocked for the time it takes to execute the code of the method it is better to start a new thread to do lengthy calculations and free the GUI thread 28
29 Swing GUI Rule If your program wants to update the GUI components, it should make this ONLY from within the Swing GUI thread! i.e., if you started a new thread to compute something and you wish to show the result Simply schedule the GUI update SwingUtilities.invokeLater(Runnable) SwingUtilities.invokeAndWait(Runnable) 29
30 AWT Abstract Window Toolkit java.awt.* Original package for Graphics/GUI Object-oriented Component, Container, Lower-level methods/components Event classes and interfaces The engine behind Swing 30
31 java.awt.graphics The class which lets you draw in Java Provides context brushes background size fonts methods lines rectangles circles 31
32 Graphics coordinates 0,0 Top left corner is (0,0) Obtain the size of GUI components getwidth() getheight() Graphics width-1,height-1 32
33 Graphics methods drawline() drawrect() / fillrect() drawoval() / filloval() drawstring() drawimage() setcolor() setfont() (check Java API) 33
34 OK, how do we use Graphics? We build the GUI using AWT OR We use the Graphics context of a Swing GUI component inside its paint method override public void paintcomponent(graphics g) 34
35 Example 1 public class MyPanel extends JPanel { public void paintcomponent(graphics g) { super.paintcomponent(g); //paint background //get the size of this component int w=getwidth(), h=getheight(); g.drawrect(5,5,w-5,h-5); } } 35
36 Example 2 public class MyPanel extends JPanel { public void paintcomponent(graphics g) { super.paintcomponent(g); //paint background g.setcolor(color.red); Font f=new Font( TimesRoman,Font.ITALIC,14); g.setfont(f); g.drawstring( Hello world!,10,10); Image im=toolkit.getdefaulttoolkit(). getimage( world.gif ); //GIF,JPEG g.drawimage(im,0,30,this); } } 36
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