Last Lecture SMTP. SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 1
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1 Last Lecture SMTP SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 1
2 This Lecture Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Applications SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 2
3 Internet Traffic Trend Don t take the numbers too seriously SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 3
4 08 vs. 07: P2P, porn down; games and Flash up SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 4
5 What is P2P Architecture? o No always-on server o Arbitrary end systems directly communicate o Peers are intermittently connected and change IP addresses peer-peer o Apps that use P2P File sharing Searching for information Internet telephony (e.g., Skype) SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 5
6 Why P2P? Client-Server vs. P2P Question : How much time to distribute file from one server to N peers? File, size F Server u 1 d 1 u 2 u d 2 s u s : server upload bandwidth u i : peer i upload bandwidth d i : peer i download bandwidth d N u N Network (with abundant bandwidth) SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 6
7 Distribution Time: Client-Server Arch. o Server sequentially sends N copies: NF/u s time o Client i takes F/d i time to download F Server d N u N u u 2 1 d 1 u d s 2 Network (with abundant bandwidth) Time to distribute F to N clients using client/server approach increases linearly in N (for large N, millions in practice) SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 7
8 Distribution Time: P2P o Server must send one copy: F/u s time o Client i takes F/d i time to download o NF bits must be downloaded (aggregate) o Fastest possible upload rate: F Server d N u N u u 2 1 d 1 u d s 2 Network (with abundant bandwidth) o Only a lower-bound, but we can design transmission schedule approaching it SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 8
9 Client-Server vs. P2P: A Plot Client upload rate = u, F/u = 1 hour, u s = 10u, d min u s SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 9
10 Main Problems for P2P File Sharing System 1. Joining (bootstrapping problem) 2. Announcing what is shared 3. Searching for peers having a file Including a sort of string matching problem 4. Downloading efficiently once the peers are found 5. Solving the free-riding problem 6. Avoiding single point of failure And avoiding law suits by RIAA, MPAA, 7. Handling the intermittent nature of the P2P network 8. And, perhaps, providing users anonymity SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 10
11 Good Old Time: the Napster Design A hybrid between CS and P2P: 1) When peer connects, it informs central server: IP address centralized directory server 1 Bob peers Content it wants to share 1 2) Alice queries for Hey Jude 3) Server says Bob has it 4) Alice requests file from Bob Which problems fundamentally cannot be solved by this design? Alice SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 11
12 Second Generation P2P: KaZaa s FastTrack Proprietary Protocol not well understood SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 12
13 Second Generation P2P: Gnutella o Still very popular today o Peers forward Query messages o QueryHit sent over reverse path File transfer: HTTP Query QueryHit Query QueryHit For scalability: limited scope flooding SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 13
14 P2P Market Share (2007) Data source: Digital Music News Research Group SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 14
15 3 rd /4 th Generation P2P: BitTorrent This protocol is fairly tedious, here s an outline Announcing what is shared: Publish a.torrent file (meta info about the shared file) Select a tracker (program keeping track of who share this particular file) Joining: Download.torrent files, connect to corresponding tracker (s) Connect to peers who are downloading the target file(s) Searching for peers having target file(s) Google! (for the.torrent files) Use directories, i.e. websites, like ThePirateBay.org SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 15
16 Tracker and Torrent/Swarm Tracker: tracks peers participating in torrent Torrent/Swarm: group of peers exchanging chunks of a file obtain list of peers trading chunks peer SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 16
17 BitTorrent: Efficiently Download from Peers File divided into equal-sized chunks.torrent file list SHA1 checksums for chunks Periodically ask peers for chunks they have and announce what it has While downloading, peer uploads chunks to other peers Randomly request & download missing chunks Or use rarest first strategy SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 17
18 Tit-for-Tat BitTorrent: Dealing with Free-Riders Sends chunks to 4 peers currently giving me chunks at highest rate Periodically, randomly select another peer, starts sending chunks newly chosen peer may join top 4 optimistically unchoke Allow new peer (no chunk to share yet) to join the torrent SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 18
19 BitTorrent: Avoiding Single Point of Failure Trackers are single points of failure Use distributed trackers (also called tracker-less) But how to keep track of file-name to peer-set mapping in a distributed manner? Answer: DHT Many current *Torrent implementations are based on the Kademlia DHT protocol Chord is another well-known DHT protocol which is a candidate for programming assignment 2 How to search for.torrent files with partial string matchings? Largely a (very good) research problem CuBit (from Cornell): TechReport December 2008, plus a pluggin for BitTorrent SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 19
20 Plus Many Other File Sharing P2P Protocols Noticable ones Freenet GNUnet edonkey/emule SUNY at Buffalo; CSE 489/589 Modern Networking Concepts; Fall 2010; Instructor: Hung Q. Ngo 20
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