The Design of Adaptive User Interface Based on the Grey Relational Grade

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1 Joural of Physcs: Coferece Seres PAPER OPEN ACCESS The Desg of Adaptve User Iterface Based o the Grey Relatoal Grade To cte ths artcle: Fagzheg L et al 28 J. Phys.: Cof. Ser Vew the artcle ole for updates ad ehacemets. Related cotet - Graphcal User Iterface (GUI) of GPS Data (Dumy Data) M Kholl ad D Wahyud - Optoelectroc polarmeter cotrolled by a graphcal user terface of Matlab J M Vlardy, C J Jmeez ad R Torres - The use of Graphc User Iterface for developmet of a user-fredly CRS-Stack software Rachmat Sule, Dytha Prayudhatama, Muhammad D. Perkasa et al. Ths cotet was dowloaded from IP address o 6//28 at 5:48

2 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6//246 The Desg of Adaptve User Iterface Based o the Grey Relatoal Grade Fagzheg L,We WANG,Jue QU ad Huatg Ha Ar ad Mssle Defese College,Ar Force Egeerg Uversty, X a 75 Correspodg author We Wag,emal:935996@qq.com Abstract. I order to mprove the effcecy of huma-computer teracto ad reduce operatg load, a ew desg method of adaptve GUI(graphcal user terface) was proposed ths paper. Frstly, The commo GUI was aalysed ad abstracted, ad the fve basc composto styles of GUI: Trees, Tabs, Forms, Lsts, Flters were obtaed, as the bass of terface parto. The the fuctoal object (large area)actvty ad area atteto degree were defed. Accordg to Shao's formato theory, the amout of formato that the user eeds to obta from a area wth some tme s obtaed. Therefore the actvty of fuctoal object(large area) was determed.the atteto degree of area was determed by eye movemet trackg expermet datas. Eye-movemet factors F (fxato cout), T (Dwell tme) ad V (revsts) were selected as characterstc parameter.i accordace wth the prcple of equal mportace weghted average, the area atteto degree are obtaed. The Grey relatoal grade of the fuctoal objects (large area)actvty ad area atteto degree was obtaed through Grey relatoal aalyss as the trgger codto for terface chage..itroducto Although automato s becomg more ad more mportat cotrol system, huma operators stll play a rreplaceable role may aspects such as avato flght operato, weapo equpmet operato, maufacturg operato system motorg ad operato,surgery ad so o. As the fuctos of all kds of cotrol systems are becomg more ad more powerful ad the cotrol s becomg more ad more complex, hgher requremets have bee put forward to huma operators. User terface s the ma medum of huma-mache teracto. Whether user terface desg s good or bad, whether t adapts to user teracto characterstcs wll drectly affect the realzato of system fucto. The tradtoal graphcal user terface uses fxed structure to provde users wth teractve formato, ad does ot cosder user teracto habts. It does ot cosder the coecto of fuctoal objects the terface, whch serously restrcts the developmet of users ad system fuctos. Adaptve terface teracto through motorg the user's teto, operato level, style prefereces ad other characterstcs of formato, dyamcally chage the teracto style ad layout form for dfferet users, dfferet tasks ad provdes adaptve ad persoalzed formato servces[], whch greatly mproves the effcecy of ma-mache teracto, ad reduces the operatg load. May scholars at home ad abroad have doe a lot of research o adaptve terface desg. Rothrock et al. (22), Stephads et al.(997), Vao et al.(2), Norco ad Staley (989), Haas Cotet from ths work may be used uder the terms of the Creatve Commos Attrbuto 3. lcece. Ay further dstrbuto of ths work must mata attrbuto to the author(s) ad the ttle of the work, joural ctato ad DOI. Publshed uder lcece by IOP Publshg Ltd

3 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6//246 ad Hettger (2)[2-4] dscussed adaptve terfaces a umber of backgrouds. The adaptve terface s to automatcally adjust the formato processg mechasm ad behavor to adapt to the curret task target ad the ablty of the user. Ths process s accompaed by motorg user status, system tasks, ad curret status requremets. I-Jee Sog, Sug-Bae Cho[5] used Bayesa etwork ad behavor etwork,ad a adaptve user terface based o evromet ad user status s desged the famly evromet. Tala Lave, Joachm Meyer[6]aalyzed the advatages ad dsadvatages of the adaptve terface, set up four dfferet adaptve levels, dfferet task modes, famlar stuatos ad ufamlar stuatos, ad cosdered the advatages ad dsadvatages of the adaptve terface, he thks that the adaptve terface s ot beefcal uder ay codtos, t depeds o may factors, cludg the frequecy of task executo, the age of users, the dffculty of tasks, ad the degree of users' partcpato tasks. Zhejag Sc-Tech Uversty Lezhog Ge team[7-9] studyed the adaptve bubble cursor, fxed, the rules ad characterstcs of fxed, adaptve ad adaptable, three dfferet moble phoe mal lst ad adaptve mouse potg task effcecy, whch showed that the adaptve teracto s better tha the tradtoal fxed teracto.shadog Uversty, Chegle Yag ad Xu Y [] to study the adaptve terface wth good touch experece sze, mproveed the touch experece of Adrod applcato; Dala Uversty of Techology Wedog L, Zuox Zhu[] studed the adaptve dsplays of the power system operato formato, accordg to the user model ad the dfferet teractve scees, such as ormal, emergecy, they select the approprate formato dsplay techology ad theme dsplay terface. About the research o adaptve user terface layout, oly the Realzato mechasm of the adaptve user terface vrtual Home Furshg customzato system[2], proposed by Ytg Fa.He put forward a adaptve predcto method of the actvty based o hstory teracto sequece ad adaptve dstrbuto mechasm,whch magfed the object of the user's atteto, ad the object that s ot cocered s reduced,but the user's operatg habts ad persoaltes are ot cosdered. Guohua Zha[3] make the fuctoal object actvty ad rego terest degree match the Web terface accordg to the teractve habts of the user. But the adaptve layout of terface s overall, t s easy to cause the cofuso, creasg the load of users, ad the calculato of the terest degree of rego, oly cosderg the rego formato desty, ad there s o specfc cosderato of users eye atteto terface rego. Based o the above cosderatos, ths paper accordg to the characterstc of the graphcal user terface ad provdes the bass for the dvso of the terfacal rego; Shao theorem was determed the amout of formato the teractve process requred from the user terface rego ad fucto object access, amely the fucto object actvty; through trackg eye movemet, overall cosderg the umber of fxato the resdece tme, ad the revst tmes determe users cocer of a certa area. Fally, grey relatoal aalyss was used to determe the actvty of fuctoal objects ad the area atteto degree. Trgger codto of adaptve layout was determed by the chage of the gray correlato degree. Frstly, the postos of large areas are adjusted, the postos of the fuctoal objects the large area are adjusted. The adjustmet of fuctoal objects s oly ts large area, thus esurg the stablty of the user terface ad mprovg the teracto effcecy. 2.Bref troducto to the User Iterface Graphc Theory & grey correlato aalyss I the frst geerato of formato systems, the user terface s character terface. Wth the appearace of graphcal terface, the user terface has bee rapd developmet, the frst graphcal user terface s created by Xerox Corporato Palo Alto Research Ceter. New form of user terface such as Mcrosoft's Wdows, apple computer, apple OSX moble phoe IOS, ad Adrod. These terfaces have cocepts such as wdows, cos, meus, poters, ad so o, whch are defed by Palo Alto. 2..Basc behavor of the user terface 2

4 DMCIT IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres 6 (28) IOP Publshg do:.88/ /6//246 The behavor of the user terface determes how the data s maaged ad stored, ad the basc behavor of the user s as follows: CRUD: Its meag s Create, Read, Update,ad Delete, whch represet the four basc operatos of user the process of teracto.for example, the moble phoe address book,creatg s creatg a ew cotact; Updatg refers to updatg moble phoe address book; ad deletg refers to deletg the formato of the cotacts that are ot used. 2.2.The basc compoets of the user terface The basc user terface compoets are obtaed through abstractg the commo user terfaces, such as hotels, face, accoutg, Mcrosoft wdows system, apple OS system, etc, [4]. As show Fgure, a stace of the user terface abstracto.the basc compoets of the graphcal user terface clude: Form: the form s geerally a certa wdow, cosstg of a seres of cotrol fuctos, ad usually assocates wth the CRUD operato. Lst: there s a addtoal lst aroud the Form, whch allows users to select ad access to respodg data the lst, ad the detaled formato of the correspodg data wll be dsplayed the Forms. Lsts ad Forms are usually assocated wth four basc operatos (CRUD) the same wdow. Flter: the ma mplemetato of Flter s flterg fuctos ad data. Tree: geerally the sde of the graphcal user terface, the terface structure ca be quckly mastered through a tree, ad the Tree ca facltates the user to fd the desred fuctoal objects. Fgure. The commo graphcal terface abstracto The basc compoets of the user terface s show Fgure 2. 3

5 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6//246 Fgure.2 The fve basc composto style of the user terface Commo graphcal user terfaces ca geerally be abstracted to Fgure 2 fve basc compoets or combatos of oe or several basc compoets. Based o the basc compoets partto, the graphcal user terface partto ca reta the basc structure of the terface ad keep the spatal ad logcal coectos betwee the fuctoal objects. Of course, the above abstract compoets ca ot clude all the elemets of graphcal user terface,ad stll eed to partto the terface reasoably accordg to the actual composto of the terface. 2.3.Bref troducto to grey correlato aalyss The basc dea of grey relatoal aalyss s to judge whether the relatoshp s close accordg to the smlarty of several shapes of the sequece curves. The closer the curve s, the greater the degree of correlato[5]. Set the system behavor sequece X x, x 2,, x It s sequeces of related factors. Gve real umber X x, x 2,, x (), 2,, X x x x x k, x k,,, m; k, 2,, m m m m max max m m x k x k x k x k k k x k x k x k x k max max k X k, X k x k, x k, Called the resoluto coeffcet, X k X k k (2) (3), s the Grey relatoal degree betwee X ad X. The calculato steps of grey correlato degree are as follows: Calculatg the tal value (or mea value, or the terval value etc.) for each sequece; ' ' ' ' X x, x 2,, x,,,, m ; 2Calculatg the dfferece sequece; 4

6 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6//246 ' ', 2,, k x k x k,,2,, m (4) (5) 3Calculatg the polar dfferece most ad least; M max max k, m m m k (6) 4Calculatg the correlato coeffcet; m M k,, M 5Calculatg the correlato degree; k k k k (7) k,, 2,, m (8) 3.Adaptve user terface The user terface, as the medum of huma teracto wth the system, plays a mportat role the process of commucato computer. The requremets for the terface are dfferet because of the people's habts, terests, the degree of percepto, ad the degree of famlarty wth the system operato. Ths provdes a hgher requremet for the user terface, whch s able to adapt to the characterstcs of dfferet users. To acheve ths, the frst thg to do s to dg out the user's persoalzed formato. Iterface formato mg ca be dvded to three ma categores[6]: structure mg, to fd useful kowledge from the lk of the represetato structure; cotet mg, to extract useful formato ad kowledge from the terface cotet; Usage Mg, to mg the user's access patter from the log of each user clckg o the stuato. These three mg methods play a mportat role adaptve terface. Ths paper maly uses eye trackg equpmet ad user clck log, to mg user teracto habts ad azmuth percepto. The user terface s geerally composed of a pluralty of basc compoets, each compoet of terface cotas multple fuctoal objects, ad each fuctoal object cotas subfucto. The actve degree of each fuctoal object s dfferet, ad there s a certa coecto betwee the varous fuctoal objects.whe users use fuctoal objects o the terface, there are several stuatos ad the worst case s to sped a lot of tme searchg for fuctoal objects that they wll use. The goal of ths adaptve terface s to dyamcally adjust the layout of fuctoal objects based o trackg ad aalyzg user teracto habts, so that users ca fd correspodg fuctoal objects the most habtual locato ad mprove teracto effcecy. For ths reaso, the terface desger must kow the degree of actvty of the fuctoal object ad the user's atteto to the fuctoal object area, ad judge whether the two match. If ot, the adjust the locato of the fucto object. Therefore, there are the followg deftos: Defto.The actvty of fuctoal objects (large areas): a teractve perod, the user eeds the amout of formato obtaed from the fucto object (large area). Defto 2.Area atteto degree: the atteto whch users pay atteto to the correspodg terface areas, maly based o the user's eye movemet data ths area. The goal of the adaptve terface s to acheve the overall adaptato of the two ad reduce the user's search load. Based o the basc compoets of the user terface, the terface s dvded to large areas. Because the large area of the user terface s relatvely depedet, t does ot cosder the trasformato of the locato of the fucto objects the large area, ad matas the basc stablty of the terface. The oversze of the terface chage wll reduce the user's trust the terface, ad crease the user's operatg load. I ths paper, a herarchcal adaptve method s used to determe whether the large area s adaptve or ot, Frst. The we ca determe the layout of the 5

7 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6//246 basc compoets of the terface based o user teracto habts, ad further determe the locato of the fuctoal objects the correspodg large areas. Due to the terrelato betwee fuctoal objects, cludg fuctoal objects parts of the same area ad dfferet regos, we must cosder the relatoshp betwee the cotexts of operatos the process of adaptato. 3..Determato of atteto degree of large area It s assumed that the basc elemets that cota formato such as graphcs, symbols ad words the user terface are depedet of each other ad are calculated accordg to the average amout of formato. Formula (2) ca be smplfed to large area The umber of basc uts Forms, Lsts, Tabs, Trees, Flters, etc. s N the user terface,ad the correspodg terface s dvded to N regos. F (fxato cout), T (Dwell tme) ad V (revsts) etc. the correspodg rego are recorded through eye movemet trackg expermet. Because the uts of the data are dfferet, the orgal data are processed wthout Dmesoalzato. F T F V, T, V (9) Fmax Tmax Vmax I accordace wth the prcple of equal mportace weghted average, The area atteto degree are obtaed: I F T V () Determato of the actvty of large area Accordg to Shao's formato theory [7], for a attrbute a set of data, ts attrbute doma s a a 2 a, ad the correspodg probablty dstrbuto s pa, pa,, pa,,, 2 followg matrx ca be obtaed: a, a2,, a X, P () pa, pa2,, pa The average amout of formato for each symbol of the source, that s the etropy of formato h x pa log2 (2) p a It s assumed that the basc elemets that cota formato such as graphcs, symbols ad words the user terface are depedet of each other ad are calculated accordg to the average amout of formato. Formula (3) ca be smplfed to: h x log2 (3) p a The total amout of formato cotaed the area s H x h x (4) the ormalzato processg s carred out: H x H max x x,the (5) The use probablty of area a motorg tme perod s P. Assumg that the user's operato large area s the same as a whole, the the amout of formato that the user eeds to obta from the area wth ths perod s H 6

8 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6//246 Two behavor sequeces are got: H x PH x (6) I I, I,, I 2 H H, H,, H 2 N Grey correlato aalyss s used to determe the two sequeces tal grey correlato that s t I k, H k, after t motorg tme,the grey correlato degree chaged to t I k, H k, f t I k, H k t I k, H k N (7), The actve compoets of terface s adjusted to the area of great cocer, or o adjustmet of the terface. At the same tme, the tal grey correlato degree of the ext terface adjustmet becomes t I k, H k. 3.3 Determato of area atteto degree for the fuctoal object The parttos of the user terface are A,B,C,, ad the fuctoal objects that each area cotas are A, A 2,, A, B, B 2,, B, C, C 2,, C,. I order ot to add to the user's operatg load, the locato of the fucto object s adaptve oly the correspodg partto. Because the area of the fuctoal object s smaller, the error s larger f 4. s used to determe the atteto of the large area. Take the area A, for example, to establsh a rectagular coordate system the area A, as show Fgure 3. Fgure.3 Schematc dagram of the rght agle coordate system A large area The subrego where each fucto object s located s horzotal ad logtudal coordates of the area ceter, z zr s s Area area, H z z x, y, s, H z, x, y represet the z zr s the amout of modfed formato that eeds to be obtaed for the user to operate o ths fuctoal object. The area atteto degree determed by 4. s I z Fz Tz Vz. The area of the large area 3 s large, ad the fluece of the area factor o user atteto s ot sgfcat.the area of the fuctoal object s small, ad the dfferece betwee the areas wll affect the atteto of the fuctoal object area. It s therefore ecessary to further modfy area atteto of the fuctoal objects.as follows: I z R Fz Tz Vz (8) 3 sm, s the area coeffcet,, The larger the area, the smaller the. s z 7

9 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6// Determato of fucto object actvty User terface s U, ad all the fuctoal objects that the user terface cotas are U, U 2,, U m. T U U U 2 U m The vector cosstg of a fuctoal object s,,,. Through the trackg ad aalyss of fuctoal objects usage, the relatoshp betwee fuctoal objects ca be obtaed. u u2 um u2 u22 u 2m U (9) um um2 umm u represets the usage cout of the fuctoal object j U, whch s used after the fuctoal j object U. u uj j s the total usage cout of U. u fuctoal objects. Thus, the use probablty of the fucto object U s j u j s the umber of use of all u pu (2) u By the 4.2 formato theory, the amout of formato that the user eeds to get from the fucto object a gve tme perod s H U P H U (2) H U U U U U s the amout of formato processed by ormalzato. Because the user operato of each fuctoal object s dfferet, the user operato of the fuctoal object drectly affects the amout of formato trasmtted from the fuctoal object. Amed the form (2) ad get H U P H U (22) UR U U s the correspodg operatg coeffcet. Fally, two assocato sequece of the fuctoal object s got. I I, I,, I, zr zr z2r z R,, H U H U H U H U AR A R A2 R A R Accordg to the calculato step by grey correlato degree, the tal grey relatoal degree of H U I, H U ; After t motorg tme, gray correlato degree chage ad AR was got, t zr AR to I, H U. If t zr AR I, H U I, H U t IzR, H AR U t IzR, H AR U t zr AR t zr AR (23), we adjusts the fucto objects wth large actvty to the area of more atteto. If IzR, there s o adjustmet. At the same tme, the grey correlato degree of the ext terface adjustmet becomes I, H U. The terface adapts to the optmal through the adaptve of the large area actvty t zr AR ad the atteto degree, the fucto object actvty ad the area atteto of the rego. 4 Cocluso A method of adaptve layout s proposed ths paper. The feasblty ad effectveess of the method eed further expermetal verfcato. 8

10 IOP Publshg IOP Cof. Seres: Joural of Physcs: Cof. Seres (28) 246 do :.88/ /6//246 Referece [] Kobsa A. Geerc user modelg systems [J].User Modelg ad User Adapted Iteracto, 2, ( /2) : [2] Rothrock, L., Koubek, R., Fuchs, F., Haas, M., Salvedy, G., 22. Revew ad reapprasal of adaptve terfaces: toward bologcally spred paradgms. Theoretcal Issues Ergoomcs Scece 3 (), [3] Shederma, B., 992. Desgg the User Iterface: Strateges for Effectve Huma-computer Iteracto. Addso-Wesley Logma Publshg Co., Ic,Bosto, MA, USA. [4] Stephads, C., Karagads, C., Koumps, A., 997. Decso Makg ItellgetUser Iterfaces. Paper Preseted at the Proceedgs of the 2d Iteratoal Coferece o Itellget User Iterfaces [5] I-Jee Sog, Sug-Bae Cho. Bayesa ad behavor etworks for cotext-adaptve user terface a ubqutous home evromet[j]. Expert Systems wth Applcatos,4(23): [6] Tala Lave, Joachm Meyer.Beefts ad costs of adaptve user terfaces[j]. It. J. Huma- Computer Studes 68 (2) [7] Xq J.Study of Adaptve Bubble Cursor[D].Hagzhou:Zhejag Sc-Tech Uversty,25. [8] Lu Zheg. Ergoomc Study o Statc, Adaptve ad Adaptable Moble Drectory[D]. Hagzhou:Zhejag Sc-Tech Uversty,2. [9] Hua Lu.Potg task performace study o adaptve-based mouse[d]. Hagzhou:Zhejag Sc- Tech Uversty,24. [] Xu Y,Yal YU,Yua WANG,et al.a Method to Geerate Adaptve User Iterface wth Touch Fredly Sze.[J]. Joural of Computer Aded Desg&Computer Graphcs,24,26(4): [] Zuox Zhu.Prelmary research o adaptve dsplay of power system operatg formato[d].dala:dala Uversty of Techology,23. [2] Ytg Fa,Dogxg Teg,Gogzheg Wag,et a.implemetato Mechasm of Adaptve User Iterface for Furture Layout Customzg System[J]. Joural of Computer-Aded Desg& Computer Graphcs,2,23(4): [3] Guohua Zha,We We.A Web Adaptve Iterface Desg[J].Joural of Hagzhou Normal Uversty(Natural Scece Edto),2,(2): [4] Paulo Roberto Lumertz, Lela Rbero, Luco Mauro Duarte. User terfaces metamodel based o graphs[j]. Joural of Vsual Laguages ad Computg,32(26)-34. [5] Lghao Kog.Study o Substato-Area Protecto of Fuzzy Cluster Based o Fault Degree ad Gray Correlato Degree[D].Bejg:North Cha Electrc Power Uversty,24. [6] Bg Lu.Web data mg[m]. Bejg:Tsghua Uversty Press,29:5-9. [7] Log Zhag.Research o feature selecto ad classfcato algorthms based o formato theory[d].chogqg:southwest Agrculural Uversty,25. 9