REAL-TIME DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

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1 REAL-TIME DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING FUNDAMENTALS, IMPLEMENTATIONS AND APPLICATIONS Third Edition Sen M. Kuo Northern Illinois University, USA Bob H. Lee Ittiam Systems, Inc., USA Wenshun Tian Sonus Networks, Inc., USA Wiley

2 vi Contents 2.2 System Concepts LTI Systems The z-transform Transfer Functions Poles and Zeros Frequency Responses Discrete Fourier Transform Introduction to Random Variables Review of Random Variables Operations of Random Variables Fixed-Point Representations and Quantization Effects Fixed-Point Formats Quantization Errors Signal Quantization Coefficient Quantization Roundoff Noise Fixed-Point Toolbox Overflow and Solutions Saturation Arithmetic Overflow Handling Scaling of Signals Guard Bits Experiments and Program Examples Overflow and Saturation Arithmetic Function Approximations Real-Time Signal Generation Using ezdsp 94 Exercises 99 References 101 Design and Implementation of FIR Filters Introduction to FIR Filters Filter Characteristics Filter Types Filter Specifications Linear Phase FIR Filters Realization of FIR Filters Design of FIR Filters Fourier Series Method Gibbs Phenomenon Window Functions Design of FIR Filters Using MATLAB Design of FIR Filters Using the FDATool Implementation Considerations Quantization Effects in FIR Filters MATLAB Implementations Floating-Point C Implementations Fixed-Point C Implementations 129

3 vii 3.4 Applications: Interpolation and Decimation Filters Interpolation Decimation Sampling Rate Conversion MATLAB Implementations Experiments and Program Examples FIR Filtering Using Fixed-Point C FIR Filtering Using C55xx Assembly Program Symmetric FIR Filtering Using C55xx Assembly Program Optimization Using Dual-MAC Architecture Real-Time FIR Filtering Decimation Using C and Assembly Programs Interpolation Using Fixed-Point C Sampling Rate Conversion Real-Time Sampling Rate Conversion 143 Exercises 144 References Design and Implementation of IIR Filters Introduction Analog Systems Mapping Properties Characteristics of Analog Filters Frequency Transforms Design of IIR Filters Bilinear Transform Filter Design Using the Bilinear Transform Realization of HR Filters Direct Forms Cascade Realizations Parallel Realizations Realization of IIR Filters Using MATLAB Design of IIR Filters Using MATLAB Filter Design Using MATLAB Frequency Transforms Using MATLAB Filter Design and Realization Using the FDATool Implementation Considerations Stability Finite-Precision Effects and Solutions MATLAB Implementations of IIR Filters Practical Applications Recursive Resonators Recursive Quadrature Oscillators Parametric Equalizers Experiments and Program Examples Direct-Form I IIR Filter Using Floating-Point C 179

4 viii Contents Direct-Form II1R Filter Using Fixed-Point C Cascade IIR Filter Using Fixed-Point C Cascade IIR Filter Using Intrinsics Cascade IIR Filter Using Assembly Program Real-Time IIR Filtering Parametric Equalizer Using Fixed-Point C Real-Time Parametric Equalizer 190 Exercises 191 References 194 Frequency Analysis and the Discrete Fourier Transform Fourier Series and Fourier Transform Fourier Series Fourier Transform Discrete Fourier Transform Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Discrete Fourier Transform Important Properties Fast Fourier Transforms Decimation-in-Time Decimation-in-Frequency Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Implementation Considerations Computational Issues Finite-Precision Effects MATLAB -' Implementations Fixed-Point Implementation Using MATLAB" Practical1 Applications Spectral Analysis Spectral Leakage and Resolution Power Spectral Density Convolution Experiments and Program Examples DFT Using Floating-Point C DFT Using the C55xx Assembly Program FFT Using Floating-Point C FFT Using Fixed-Point C with Intrinsics Experiment with the FFT and IFFT FFT Using the C55xx Hardware Accelerator Real-Time FFT Using the C55xx Hardware Accelerator Fast Convolution Using the Overlap-Add Technique Real-Time Fast Convolution 235 Exercises 236 References 238

5 ix Adaptive Filtering Introduction to Random Processes Adaptive Filters Introduction to Adaptive Filtering Performance Function Method of Steepest Descent LMS Algorithm Modified LMS Algorithms Performance Analysis Stability Constraint Convergence Speed Excess Mean-Square Error Normalized LMS Algorithm Implementation Considerations Computational Issues Finite-Precision Effects MATLAB- Implementations Practical[ Applications Adaptive System Identification Adaptive Prediction Adaptive Noise Cancellation Adaptive Inverse Modeling Experiments and Program Examples LMS Algorithm Using Floating-Point C Leaky LMS Algorithm Using Fixed-Point C Normalized LMS Algorithm Using Fixed-Point C and Intrinsics Delayed LMS Algorithm Using Assembly Program Experiment of Adaptive System Identification Experiment of Adaptive Predictor Experiment ofadaptive Channel Equalizer Real-Time Adaptive Prediction Using ezdsp 279 Exercises 280 References 282 Digital Signal Generation and Detection Sine Wave Generators Lookup Table Method Linear Chirp Signal Noise Generators Linear Congruential Sequence Generator Pseudo-random Binary Sequence Generator White, Color, and Gaussian Noise DTMF Generation and Detection DTMF Generator DTMF Detection 292

6 X Contents 7.4 Experiments and Program Examples Sine Wave Generator Using Table Lookup Siren Generator Using Table Lookup DTMF Generator DTMF Detection Using Fixed-Point C DTMF Detection Using Assembly Program 301 Exercises 302 References Adaptive Echo Cancellation Introduction to Line Echoes Adaptive Line Echo Canceler Principles of Adaptive Echo Cancellation Performance Evaluation Practical Considerations Pre-whitening of Signals Delay Estimation Double-Talk Effects and Solutions Nonlinear Processor Center Clipper Comfort Noise Adaptive Acoustic Echo Cancellation Acoustic Echoes Acoustic Echo Canceler Subband Implementations Delay-Free Structures ' Integration of Acoustic Echo Cancellation with Noise Reduction Implementation Considerations Experiments and Program Examples Acoustic Echo Canceler Using Floating-Point C Acoustic Echo Canceler Using Fixed-Point C with Intrinsics Integration ofaec and Noise Reduction 326 Exercises 328 References Speech Signal Processing Speech Coding Techniques Speech Production Model Using LPC CELP Coding Synthesis Filter Excitation Signals Perceptual Based Minimization Procedure Voice Activity Detection ACELP Codecs Speech Enhancement Noise Reduction Techniques 350

7 xi Short-Time Spectrum Estimation Magnitude Spectrum Subtraction VoIP Applications Overview of VoIP Discontinuous Transmission Packet Loss Concealment Quality Factors of Media Stream Experiments and Program Examples LPC Filter Using Fixed-Point C with Intrinsics Perceptual Weighting Filter Using Fixed-Point C with Intrinsics VAD Using Floating-Point C VAD Using Fixed-Point C Speech Encoder with Discontinuous Transmission Speech Decoder with CNG Spectral Subtraction Using Floating-Point C G Using Fixed-Point C G.711 Companding Using Fixed-Point C Real-Time G.711 Audio Loopback 373 Exercises 374 References Audio Signal Processing Introduction Audio Coding Basic Principles Frequency-Domain Coding Lossless Audio Coding Overview of MP Audio Equalizers Graphic Equalizers Parametric Equalizers Audio Effects Sound Reverberation Time Stretch and Pitch Shift Modulated and Mixed Sounds Spatial Sounds Experiments and Program Examples MDCT Using Floating-Point C MDCT Using Fixed-Point C and Intrinsics Pre-echo Effects MP3 Decoding Using Floating-Point C Real-Time Parametric Equalizer Using ezdsp Flanger Effects Real-Time Flanger Effects Using ezdsp Tremolo Effects Real-Time Tremolo Effects Using ezdsp 425

8 Spatial Sound Effects Real-Time Spatial Effects Using ezdsp 426 Exercises 427 References 428 ' 11 Introduction to Digital Image Processing Digital Images and Systems Digital Images Digital Image Systems Color Spaces YCbCr Sub-sampled Color Space Color Balance and Correction Color Balance Color Correction Gamma Correction Histogram Equalization Image Filtering Fast Convolution Practical Applications DCTand JPEG Two-Dimensional DCT Fingerprint Discrete Wavelet Transform Experiments and Program Examples YCbCr to RGB Conversion White Balance Gamma Correction and Contrast Adjustment Image Filtering A DCT and IDCT Image Processing for Fingerprints The 2-D Wavelet Transform 470 Exercises 474 References 475 Appendix A Some Useful Formulas and Definitions 477 A.l Trigonometric Identities 477 A.2 Geometric Series 478 A.3 Complex Variables 479 A.4 Units of Power 480 References 483 Appendix B Software Organization and List of Experiments 484 Appendix C Introduction to the TMS320C55xx Digital Signal Processor 490 C.l Introduction 490 C.2 TMS320C55xx Architecture 490

9 xiii C.2.1 Architecture Overview 490 C.2.2 On-Chip Memories 494 C.2.3 Memory-Mapped Registers 495 C.2.4 Interrupts and Interrupt Vector 498 C.3 TMS320C55xx Addressing Modes 498 C.3.1 Direct Addressing Modes 501 C.3.2 Indirect Addressing Modes 502 C.3.3 Absolute Addressing Modes 505 C.3.4 MMR Addressing Mode 505 C.3.5 Register Bits Addressing Mode 506 C.3.6 Circular Addressing Mode 507 C.4 TMS320C55xx Assembly Language Programming 508 C.4.1 Arithmetic Instructions 508 C.4.2 Logic and Bit Manipulation Instructions 509 C.4.3 Move Instruction 509 C.4.4 Program Flow Control Instructions 510 C.4.5 Parallel Execution 514 C.4.6 Assembly Directives 516 C.4.7 Assembly Statement Syntax 518 C.5 C Programming for TMS320C55xx 520 C.5.I Data Types 520 C.5.2 Assembly Code Generation by C Compiler 520 C.5.3 Compiler Keywords and Pragma Directives 522 C.6 Mixed C and Assembly Programming 525 C.7 Experiments and Program Examples 529 C.7.1 Examples 529 C.7.2 Assembly Program 530 C.7.3 Multiplication 530 C.7.4 Loops 531 C.7.5 Modulo Operator 532 C.7.6 Use Mixed C and Assembly Programs 533 C.7.7 Working with AIC C.7.8 Analog Input and Output 534 References 535 Index 537

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