Vertex Nomina-on. Glen A. Coppersmith. Human Language Technology Center of Excellence Johns Hopkins University. improved fusion of content and context
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1 Vertex Nomina-on improved fusion of content and context Glen A. Coppersmith Human Language Technology Center of Excellence Johns Hopkins University Presented at Interface Symposium: May 17, 2012
2 Vertex Nomina-on improved fusion of content and context Glen A. Coppersmith Human Language Technology Center of Excellence Johns Hopkins University Presented at Interface Symposium: May 17, 2012
3 Vertex Nomina-on improved fusion of content and context Human Language Content Communica/ons Graph Glen A. Coppersmith Human Language Technology Center of Excellence Johns Hopkins University Presented at Interface Symposium: May 17, 2012
4 Our data: Enron Corpus
5 Mo-va-on and Problem Statement We know the iden--es of a few fraudsters. We observe the content and the context of both fraudsters and non- fraudsters. We want to know the iden--es of more fraudsters. Inference Task Nominate persons likely to be fraudsters.
6 Outline Introduc-on Method Importance Sampling Evalua-on Analy-cs Content and Context Fusions Conclusions & Future Direc-ons
7 Outline Introduc-on Method Importance Sampling Evalua-on Analy-cs Content and Context Fusions Conclusions & Future Direc-ons
8 Mo-va-on and Problem Statement We know the iden--es of a few fraudsters. We observe the content and the context of both fraudsters and non- fraudsters. We want to know the iden--es of more fraudsters. Inference Task Nominate persons likely to be fraudsters.
9 Mo-va-on and Problem Statement We know the iden--es of a few fraudsters. [Graph a[ributed with human language]interes-ng and non- interes-ng. We want to know the iden--es of more fraudsters. Inference Task Nominate persons likely to be fraudsters.
10 With loss of generality Ne^lix [See Trevor s Keynote] Genomics [Half the talks I ve seen at IF12] Noted similari-es Recommender Systems We focus on those with a graph and those with human language
11 With loss of generality Ne^lix [See Trevor s Keynote] Genomics [Half the talks I ve seen at IF12] Noted similari-es Recommender Systems We focus on those with a graph and those with human language
12 What s already been done? Theory (Nam) Lee & Priebe 2011 (Dominic) Lee & Priebe (submi[ed 2012) Simula-ons and Experiments Marche[e, Priebe, and Coppersmith (2011) Coppersmith & Priebe (submi[ed 2011) (Content + Context) > (Content Context) Human Language Technology and Graph Theory Assump-ons are valid for the Enron data
13 What s already been done? (Content + Context) > (Content Context) Human Language Technology and Graph Theory Assump-ons are valid for the Enron data Importance Sampling provides sensible par--ons
14 Assump-ons The fraudsters talk to each other more than expected of a random pair of people. The fraudsters talk about different things than expected of a random pair of people.
15 Fusion of Disparate Informa-on Some signal from the communica-ons graph Some signal from the human language content How do you fuse them? A principled fusion would be nice A useful fusion is more important Robust to real world problems Scalable to real world applica-ons
16 Ques-ons for this talk How should we fuse? (both performance and scalability are important) What kind of HLTs should we use? (Do they do different things?)
17 Outline Introduc-on Method Importance Sampling Evalua-on Analy-cs Content and Context Fusions Conclusions & Future Direc-ons
18 Mathema-cal Model: κ graph V =n M =m M =m V\M =n- m p = [p 0,p 1 ] s = [s 0,s 1 ] p 0 = s 0 p 1 < s 1 p p V\M s M κ(n, p, m, m, s)
19 Mathema-cal Model: κ graph V =n M =m M =m V\M =n- m p = [p 0,p 1 ] s = [s 0,s 1 ] p 0 = s 0 p 1 < s 1 p κ(n, p, m, m, s) p s V\M M fraudsters innocents
20 Assump-ons The fraudsters talk to each other more than expected of a random pair of people. M is more dense than V\M The fraudsters talk about different things than expected of a random pair of people. p[p 0,p 1 ] and s[s 0,s 1 ] p 0 = s 0, p 1 < s 1 V\M M
21 Our data: Enron Corpus
22 Our data: Enron Corpus but where are the fraudsters, Glen!?
23 Importance Sampling Procedure Randomly par--on Enron into M and V\M Ques-on assump-ons Density M > Density V\M Topic Distribu-on M Topic Distribu-on V\M Discard par--ons that violate assump-ons. Collect 5000 par--ons. V\M M
24 Importance Sampling Hand- labels provided by Michael Berry, 2004
25 Importance Sampling Hand- labels provided by Michael Berry, 2004
26 Importance Sampling M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
27 Tes-ng Par--ons: Density ρ(m) = observed edges in M possible edges in M Δρ = ρ(m) ρ(v\m) The fraudsters talk to each other more than expected of a random pair of people. V\M M
28 Tes-ng Par--ons: Topic Distribu-on Topic(M) = Topic(V\M) = Δ Topic = The fraudsters talk about different things than expected of a random pair of people. V\M M
29 Importance Sampling M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
30 Method M =10 M =5 V\M =179 For each vertex (v) in V\M we calculate each analy-c. Rank ver-ces according to each analy-c or fusion. Evaluate quality of ranked lists. M M V\M
31 One experiment M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
32 One experiment M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
33 Evalua-on Ranked lists evaluated by standard Informa-on Retrieval measures What is our inference task? Need to find all of them Mean Average Precision (MAP) Need to find one more of them Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) Can only examine k ver-ces (p@k), k = {5,10}
34 Outline Introduc-on Method Importance Sampling Evalua-on Analy-cs Content and Context Fusions Conclusions & Future Direc-ons
35 Context Analy-c The fraudsters talk to each other more than expected of a random pair of people. Number of known fraudsters in 1- hop neighborhood of candidate vertex. M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
36 Content Analy-cs (HLTs) The fraudsters talk about different things than expected of a random pair of people. How similar is the content of each candidate vertex to the known fraudsters?
37 Training HLTs M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
38 Training HLTs M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
39 Training HLTs M e.haedicke@enron j.lovarato@enron Interes-ng k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
40 Training HLTs M e.haedicke@enron j.lovarato@enron Interes-ng k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
41 Training HLTs M e.haedicke@enron j.lovarato@enron Interes-ng k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron Uninteres-ng a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
42 HLT 1 : Average Word Count Histogram What propor-on of the document d i is made up of word w j? Each d i represented as probability vector x i. x = W, W word types in the corpus. Vector I is average of all interes-ng ( ) x i. Interes-ng
43 HLT 1 : Average Word Count Histogram Score each d i by 1- JS( x i, I ) 0.83 (High) Interes-ng 0.23 (Low)
44 HLT 1 : Average Word Count Histogram Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Average scores Interes-ng M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
45 HLT 1 : Average Word Count Histogram Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Average scores Interes-ng M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
46 HLT 1 : Average Word Count Histogram Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Average scores Interes-ng M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
47 HLT 1 : Average Word Count Histogram Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Average scores Interes-ng M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
48 HLT 1 : Average Word Count Histogram Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Average scores 0.72 Interes-ng M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
49 HLT 2 : Closest Word Count Histogram Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Score only by closest document 0.72 Interes-ng M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
50 HLT 3 : Compression Language Modeling How well does a given message compress? Repeated sequences compress well Novel sequences do not compress well
51 HLT 3 : Compression Language Modeling Discrimina-ve Model which model fits be[er? Interes-ng Red Uninteres-ng
52 HLT 3 : Compression Language Modeling M e.haedicke@enron j.lovarato@enron Interes-ng k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron Uninteres-ng a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
53 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling Latent Dirichlet Alloca-on (ala Blei, Wallach, McCallum, Mimno,...) [we use mallet] Each document is a mixture of topics Each topic is a probability distribu-on over W mallet is available from h[p://mallet.cs.umass.edu/
54 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron
55 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron
56 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
57 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
58 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron r.shapiro@enron a.zipper@enron b.rogers@enron V\M
59 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Sum the weight given to topics of interest M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
60 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Sum the weight given to topics of interest M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
61 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Sum the weight given to topics of interest M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
62 HLT 4 : Topic Modeling Score all d i for each vertex: (k.lay@enron) Sum the weight given to topics of interest 0.12 M j.lovarato@enron e.haedicke@enron k.lay@enron
63 Individual Analy-c Performance MAP Context Average WCH Minimum WCH Compression Topic Modeling
64 Individual Analy-c Performance MAP * Context Average WCH Minimum WCH Compression Topic Modeling
65 Outline Introduc-on Method Importance Sampling Evalua-on Analy-cs Content and Context Fusions Conclusions & Future Direc-ons
66 Linear Fusion F = γ HLT 1 + (1- γ) Context 2 Analy-cs
67 Linear fusion 2 Analy-cs Performance MAP Context γ 1 Content
68 Linear fusion 2 Analy-cs Performance MAP Grid search over Content and Context Context γ 1 Content
69 Linear Fusion F = γ HLT 1 + (1- γ) Context 2 Analy-cs F = Σ i (γ i HLT i ) + (1- Σ i γ i ) Context Arbitrary number of Analy-cs NB: Scores must be calibrated.
70 MAP MRR Gridsearch Linear Combina-ons MAP
71 Rank Fusion Fuse ranks instead of scores. Rank ver-ces by each analy-c. Each vertex represented by vector of ranks Fusion score is a func-on of that vector Min() One measure can damn you Max() One measure can save you Median() Something in between
72 Rank Fusion MAP min median max min median max 3 Analy-cs 5 Analy-cs
73 Rank Fusion MAP min median max min median max 3 Analy-cs 5 Analy-cs
74 Rank Fusion MAP min median max min median max 3 Analy-cs 5 Analy-cs
75 Individual Rank Fusions Gridsearch Linear Combina-ons Overall Comparisons MAP
76 Individual Rank Fusions Gridsearch Linear Combina-ons Overall Comparisons MAP
77 Individual Rank Fusions Gridsearch Linear Combina-ons O(n) in number of Analy-cs MAP
78 Individual Rank Fusions Gridsearch Linear Combina-ons O(x n ) in number of Analy-cs!! MAP
79 Individual Rank Fusions Gridsearch Linear Combina-ons Nevermind O(.) for a moment MAP ~11 minutes ~13 days
80 Individual Rank Fusions Gridsearch Linear Combina-ons Nevermind O(.) for a moment MAP ~11 minutes ~13 days
81 Linear fusion 3 Analy-cs
82 Which HLTs should I use? Average WCH + Minimum WCH + Topic Modeling 0.1 Other HLTs Compression Context
83 Which HLTs should I use? Need to find them all Need to find only one more 0.1 Other HLTs Compression Can only look at 5 or 10 Context
84 Outline Introduc-on Method Importance Sampling Evalua-on Analy-cs Content and Context Fusions Conclusions & Future Direc-ons
85 Ques-ons How should we fuse? For small number of analy-cs grid search linear For large number of analy-cs rank fuse (or think harder) What kind of HLTs should we use? Depends on your inference task, of course. We can actually recommend what to use! Insight into rela-ve strengths of HLTs exposed.
86 Future and Related Work This is post- hoc fusion of scores or ranks, what about more na-ve fusion? Different data and inference tasks What movie should I watch? (Ne^lix) Who should I cite? (ACL) Who should I work with? (Github) Vote predic-on (Congressional Bills)
87 Collaborators Carey Priebe [JHU HLTCOE] Allen Gorin [JHU HLTCOE] Richard Cox [JHU HLTCOE] David Marche[e [Navy] Yongser Park [JHU CIS] Minh Tang [JHU AMS] Michael Decerbo [Raytheon BBN] Hanna Wallach [UMass Amherst] Jim Mayfield [JHU APL/HLTCOE] Paul McNamee [JHU APL/HLTCOE] William Szewczyk [DoD]
88 Collaborators Carey Priebe [JHU HLTCOE] Allen Gorin [JHU HLTCOE] Richard Cox [JHU HLTCOE] David Marche[e [Navy] Yongser Park [JHU CIS] Minh Tang [JHU AMS] Michael Decerbo [Raytheon BBN] Hanna Wallach [UMass Amherst] Jim Mayfield [JHU APL/HLTCOE] Paul McNamee [JHU APL/HLTCOE] William Szewczyk [DoD]
89 Thank you. Coppersmith & Priebe (submi[ed): [arxiv.org/ ] Latest papers (oƒen) available from glencoppersmith.com
90
91 Content of Importance Sample California Power.. Portland...San Diego..... WBI California Power.. Portland.. Portland..... bcf.. WBI Energy Services billions of cubic feet California Power.. San Diego..... WBI...bcf....
92 Content of Importance Sample Pro Football.. Raiders... touchdown.....implode 9/11.. 9/11.. New York.... tragedy
93 Context of Importance Sample
94 Context of Importance Sample Observed s 1 = 0.45
95 Context of Importance Sample Observed p 1 = 0.13
96 Context of Importance Sample Observed p 1 = 0.12
97 Context of Importance Sample Observed p 1 = 0.13 Observed s 1 = 0.45 Observed p 1 = 0.12
98 Content of Importance Sample Portland...San Diego..... WBI k.lay@enron.. Portland.. Portland..... bcf.. WBI Energy Services billions of cubic feet e.haedicke@enron San Diego..... WBI...bcf.... j.lovarato@enron
99 Comparing HLT Methods MRR X X N X X X X X + + N X N N N N N X X N + + N N + X + X N N N + X N N N N N N N N N N + + N X + + N N+ N N X N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N+ N S 1
100 Importance Sampled Joint Δ Topic Δ ρ
101 Injec-on Importance P P 1 P S S 1 S 1
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