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1 7 / 94 /!$$! % &'%( )!"# 94/6/28 : 94/5/25 : 1 +- *$"+, "'%. -(. )/* #+,#$%& '( )!" 3+. -!2 )(4!" ; <(=" 01(2( 0@A & <(=" B3; #. <(="!" >?',0&H )/* F' 3+. -!2 & C. +.* F #+ #G C )/* #6(=" D E /$C&*CC!" /(6. ( >$* #JKB3 & -B >%& ) I(!" )/* +4 & >C. B$ M )FL / ( / ( IB3 ),FL ; & #R /(+1 & L )#BD+J NO!" P4" 0= & +, Q # )# $/(6 & +1. S!1 /, F...& #R $/(6 )+, # 5"!" & T+F$ U+A -!2 )/ > & C! -B,!" V(ED BA '( 4 (.# J(.C, BW$ F #'3,FL (3,!" )-B )+, Q # )IB3 5" )FL ) :!"'0 12$ #'3 FL (Rajabya@ut.ac.ir)(# Y ) /U >?A #J(K3 <(=" B;.1

2 94/7 / «160» " )-!,.; W 0 & +F, & 6& )^K_ C+ R ; A$ F' #C, /$; & ; $; C+ C ( à(!d C& * 7!1 #4!" /A 5" - /(6 4 ; BW. bcc T(3.C. ' /+c!, CH 8;& - R ; 5" d= GW #&HB #$%& `e )FL >C&*CC 5" d= )? VO C'& ); SBR #a4 `e 4 FL f )? 0G1. 5" /$C /F, /(# 4 (9 ); # BR g & #B+;,a4 GW #J3 #$%& & U hb. B+ #U' G. 5O & (! f #,(4 0C /* _W j= 4 )f (U; -. ( C,(3 «7J #i4» ),a4 f V@3 ( (3 5" #K_.!") >C&*CC (; k3 #B+,>(. & /(+ $4 S(K9 4 ; >C. lg; )#8J & #1 _W - & (. (. ; -!.C. B. >C&*CC 5" d= >(. #J3 #$%& /* /W 5" Y+' & P(. +.* BA /*, 4 ; BW. )m; - $/(6!" P(B Yi; & PG # S( ; / /* >?' P; -.& / 7K & 7e n"g - o!,.p! '( /* 5" ); / /* :P+4#!$$ 4$ & +.1 `G g 4 #KK_ & #+ n"g / <(=" -,e # F & >C+* l E BU PU & T p( & C!U & <(=" - GW C ) ('& B!4 #,$* /* (.C. +.* /* #6(="!" & L(UH #G;+ (9 3+.

3 «161»!$$! % &'%( )!"# 67% @O &,> #(6 ) CC' 0OG & C(# q+ & <(=" j& /* & CAC+ #(6 (B9 #B!" G+' (r :C+4 C E (.CU+ /* <(=", &? /C #Gs G+' (t b &,/W ) :, ;<=!$$ 4$ & #OG & ; jg #&B +; & BA,> #Gs G+' 4 L1 +D ) ('(,>!". C <(=" G+' C(#!" - :; -! 5O & (W, F 7. G+' (k_. #J(K3 P"!") C+4 C ug > #?9 & C #(!1 ('(!" B.( - n9. (. u( <(=" & C #.; K9+ ( C ( s* & > >? ) 7.),> <(=" sv 4 P(? $ )#88! - & #83 R j& PW= )B.$ - >%& )W n"g & 0@A (3 - & D E, #4C s ) C (r :; > ; (3 GB1 C+PW= -+w )q+ &.; >C. B+ <(=" SK 8;& -PU 4 #R* & > ( 0OG BW$ 71 & 8;& (3 (x" +D )B+ (x" + '( & ; )/(+4 P4; )B+ )RB & ) ( - #; )W ^_A /* /C+w, & ; #U' j9 B+ <(=" C+!, )(+, w$ bc, # ; (3 GB1 )8yW #88! - & #8 G+' & CC' 0OG & 8yW / ( ( 7 (t. /* #FW sv & W )/* L" & "&E 7zW )#OG CC',F 8;&,/W #(+4 0OG TF -(6 /(#! #&H /C+w )#B+; #6(=" 7zW W= & CB (,,G. #83 & #88! - <(=" - PW= )RB. 8yW -,(A4 P4" (, <(=" 0D E C" (+, <(=" #B+; 0!W= )!,-.W s{ /C+w #B+; <(=" J1 - /(# & ; > 4 H" (3!, & ; #6 #J3 B; /* 58D p' 4 ; VH. <(=" 7zW #3 C6/* 4w b$

4 94/7 / «162» 7e & ; Pz' } )n"g >C!1 T_ 8!' b C ('& #f9 7zW <(=" &!86 /* 58D LC1 58D > C & $# 6 #(!1 <(=" n"g -.& /+w P, #(!1 <(=" 7zW? T_. C ('& & #;; <(=" #C n"g 7f b 4 ~. #;; <(=" n"g /*, 58D > /(# B!4 4 ;.#K_. 0OG / ( 9 & #K_. ; H" 0&2 u(? ); #J(K3 <(=", C'& #W j& o!, )#==" & C+!, )K+1 & -.CA_# #(!1 <(=", /C 4 C. -4 & E - + )E I(2(? & ;!4" & /!, 4 #?BW E VO #, C'& F E /* )C. #(!1 U R E VO >$,.; #(!1 K 4 Gs ; `@f )S& ( k(k3.; 3 n9 & ; #(!1 <(=" p' (3 (1 #$C; C! IB3 Gs ;(3 & C! D' 01B3 Rg (O #K_. 4 C+4 M )L& ( k(k3.c! B+ 5O #x6 #(!1 + r _ (B9 + ; > 4 C #;B; /?,> A ) )#;; )F' <(=") #(!1 <(=" l 6!, ( -.C!# T_ B+ & )#J(K3 <(=", )P& P,(3# 4 Fw /*. (.# D E (...&.; F <(=", C'&!$$ 4$ &?(@ 67% '( (. )? 0G1.PBW, && 7A & #+G q )> - >? q+ & D E - 4 ; BHU - <(=" P81 >$q #8W )#+D b; «P"» & «r8» & «5"» : # F FB <(=" P81 D E I(2( (r & PC+i S /* F' & P, $ b C SK () > 4 P+4# #; D E I(2( F' & ) #. 5" C+ ) # & KB6 G+' P(?.; B 5=9 #'3 #.

5 «163»!$$! % &'%( )!"# #. 5" ). 5" #,>(8' /(B >$, )B.$ - (t n"g NO & BA '( C+ ) 58D LC1 7 u( 6@3 #+D )<( (4 ( m6 )n"g -" ; -! + >%& b; 5!1.CA4 #,!$ )? (;? <(=" & #(; S( - 4 ; /1 /+w #. <(=" #6(=",Lq!" )!,- & #+ #G CB ; La -+ b C /* D E p R /( 0@A. (! 789 (4!" /(B C. +.*!" - #6(=" H}& 4 PBW, /*, & #+ #+.* C+ )#6(=" #G h.; T_ - #8J A&B'. $ > S=B & >3e ) )C ( 4 8;&, )B.( - q ) i `J )RB.CR+? C+PW= - C(# SBR,j;&!, )Y 2.; & 1; )-& )>!,-H8,>?B; 8 b (.#! &C9 F& PBW; ƒ. $# 6 >&$ CC' #?3 L( & >C+, 7A J+1 CB ) P4" #6(=" Lq -D U' C )m; - /* /(# (O 4 ; #,?B; F_;.FL & F_; :C. +.* /* /* /(# & (x",a4 C+!, )? 0G1. 4 Y" ; PW' /* N& FL.C PAw /* )7;& ; -B$ ~!4 /&C & 4 Y! SG6 )#84 +D )FL.C+4# R R j9 & C# 4 >?B; 4 (! mw" /* /(# #(J j= & ; PW' N& G. ) F_; 7. P, FL )+D -.C. >C. 5H8 (3 l;+b F_; 4 1. Data S; )~&B 0R /(6 2 > :h. )A rd.2

6 94/7 / «164» ~ & HJ l @O &,> P, & (k3 +D FL) ; P, & L L(!1 P, 4 - L1 +D >$, F #&HB #D 3 4 &.; Gs q" 2 1 )FL 4.C$# 4 P, ' /* #,$ )/KK_B.P> F, j83 - )PB. q 0"@EJ ; F_; 0"@EJ )-!,. $# F,(B; o!, & L1 #(UH FL 4 ($ bp# 4 FL H )PB. q /* > HB; S=B >(9 >$, 6 B; - ); F_; #1( )p6& 4 F FL #F l 6 & BW #,$ 4 ; # BR #(6 01@O 7AB `J ). $# 71PBW; 7. ; -! )C+B; q. 4 7G6 - #,>?B; 0U. 4, & >C. (; 71 PBW; 4 C.?, 5 F_; j;( #J3 H}& LR /* VC, 4 ;,(B; #,&$ -+. C!# 7CG CH 8;& 7ED )>4!, >?B; 5O - 4 ); >C. B3; #C, F_; )? 0G1.(Ashwin van Rooijen, 2010: 11). 4 > HB; FL C VC, /* /C; 4 $E$C D? (454 :1391 )(8(6 '6) ; 0a(K9 #BC a FL )#3 q!" CC' 9a.; B$ +D ~ FL & )rd - L@1 ); >C. #@; (. Y8R PC= 4 & y, t(k +, & # 1. Software. 2. Program. 3. Application. G+' & FL L(UH j83 & F! I( - +, Q #!" p' /(6 9a.4 5. Hardware..; >C. > #(6

7 «165»!$$! % &'%( )!"# & FL 4 H$ /(# -+.W #&H & FL - 4 >C. k(k3 & L(!1 )k3 +D & FL / E ) &C9 +D & ;+D.P! rd CB #BW )Y b; 58E 4 ; #,(B;» ) #U' /; /;+.4 q ; -B$ 6 L?+, ; 6 & >C. /? 7.,,NO ),C4 ) H l 6 >,86 4 /* G. #&B 8;&) (. lg; )T(3 76 L(UH &2 J+1 o!, rd -.«C! 7K9 ' >%& RB H}& (; ) C, # md #1( )p6&.(wipo, 2004, no j;( >C.B3+. 0C6 B$4 #,>(. >C&*CC )/* 5O 4 ; C+ B.( )#+D bc, z #,RB & CB 4 71 PBW; ~!4 F_; )4./(; ; G. ' BA 4 N( & 7!D (B; 7.) /* L( 84 & )#1 q )C. 4e 4 #G E >&@1 +D - )P($# -_; S=B 86 >$, & ; FL +D (...& > A :4 CBH$ )(!.C> z #($($ rd #6(=" /C+!A )+D -.P q ;? >C.-v ( &,7!D (B; &,(B; FL, & F_; à(!d -+.C, # z & > 6 /* +4 4 ; > (! P, ;? #+v ( &,7!D (B; #GBA C+ - &. ;# P, BA > HB; #D' ( & La,(B; FL (; >C; BW& 4 #+ + A ( >!,),7!D (B; & #1' ( (A4 #6(=" 0q & #x6 &.(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.3) (.# >C 4 ; +; & C1(6 ),& ), ),(B; 1(!R 0G1 FL F W.(74 :1384 )L@4 :h.) ; jg 01@O 44 ; /* Px+,7 )> >? ) 7. FL :a-4 ; -+c!, 5O >C. >3e #(6 0(J 4 4,>(. )#C= #"O ( )

8 94/7 / «166» ; /4 7!D (B; 7f O( #w +; & C. mb; 76 <(="!" /(6 (17) & (2) ( #' -*.(Bainbridge, 2004: 25) 2 > )/ <(=", 1(!R ; 0G1 FL» :C+4# L@1,FL /$C&*CC ~ 08!1 u( 01@O F & U* u( 0C+BW &,7!D (B; ),& ) >C. jg2,7" # & & > ( ^_A 4 4 PBW; > & ; 7. } BA + ) &* & /(# rd - 4.«C. C ); &*LF & #(6 )rd 4 #R* b> / Fw FL VC, & (B9. $ 6!+, & '( I(2( $E$C "HG'%8!$E-$ L 7f F_; /& ; -!,(B; -.C+4#! 4 (B; /&C >C. /U+ (C*# ; /* # BR 01@O 4 #,C #C(3 `J q") ;C' F_; 4 (. p( & ; ) R #E;& l8g C. () 01@O 4 Sf #B " /(# )S& M.(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.2) )L& ".C+4 4 & C a )N@EJ $ 6 #C(3 `J q".c. T8 > A N( /& `@f b $ 6? 7" (B; ; -! / pg+ C4 : ('& 7. & ), #+D )(4 01@O )S", Y4, 4 ; /W / #W( )# & 2.#' pg+ I(2( / VC, C4 & 1 CG / #&.C!UH /* )C. +.* B3; 4 #(J & C(_ /* C(#.(455 :1391 )(8(6 '6 :h.) ; ~ & HJ 7. & #& & 4 # ); -. #W4 & (.# R #W( / à(!d + 2( 9HJ ; -! 4,} 7. - bc>c /* (* 4 ; L(UH 1. Source Code. 2. Object Code.

9 «167»!$$! % &'%( )!"# #',}? 7.. (.# >C «pg+/ CG C4» à(!d ) (. w g4 & C. «I(2( C4» V&D )>C. ~ & HJ # BR # (&* $) 7CG 4 7G6 #,?B; T(3 76 )W PU 76 k_. )7. -.; Wipo, 2004, ) & 4 ' C, C(# 7. /* 4 ; > A N(.(no. 7.2 C+G /& /* C(# /W 4 ; CG C4 )m; - 0(J )9HJ C+w ~ l 6, #3 /& 4/+w bc(_ & C, # (B; `@f b; >C. z ' #KK_,(B; B.( )C849HJ #J3 C84 / A )k(k_ >R+ /C. 7. )#J3 RB 4 & L(UH >?B; j= VC, C4 )Y1. (.# 7J" #J3 71PBW; j9.; ~ & HJ +D )p6& b/w );R!$$ &'H.1.3 /* GW C+(# 4 P. /C 76 C )P!!" P,(_ >$, #. #(J )Y.C. «S» 4 C+# 5" #y. GW.C+. B. #=" #(J & C. /W I( C'& 4 $# 6!" 9 #6(=" j& l 6 /* F <(=" ~.# )C. ( ) #W D' C'& #. 4 / <(=" W / 4 ; #. 8!',FL.C+4#!" '& 3 2" / /* & CB; & 86 + #+D b; C'& )FL 5" * + b; # 3 FL / ( «~8» n9 ' UB+ bc+bw,. (3 I( #=" ; «8» )P. B.C C #. - GW <(=" &!" GW >$, & W <(=" ; Lq p `@4,FL <(=" 4 PC C 8yW -.C+4 DG Lq /* C(#! `B, & ; 0&HB /*,G+' #3 P4; & (K C'& #,$ P, & ; B.( P, )FL +.; FL #+, B;3

10 94/7 / «168» #a4 (3 + & (.# B.? k3 >?B; ~ /C(3 j= FL + bcj )#J3 L" 4 C. -!, C.....& $# 6 #J3 j;& & ; g.; P4" /* <(=" 01(2( ; C' #U 4 & >C$ S=B )>C&*CC r & <(=" ; -! 4? PU 8yW > HB; ( >?B; Pz6 ; ^_. Pz6 * + )C! R ˆ & # s* >%& ) 5"!" I(2(,a4 à(!d 4 # " (F_;) >$, 4 P(? ; -! )*.W ($- FL ); Pz6 à(!d )+, -+w );? >?B; 7! 4 #1B3 7f )C.? S(K9 #zf' S(K9 /* C(# IB3 7" >?B; C3 F R+ 4 H$ C b (.# d= #1 Pz6 >$, & C+4#! <CJ FL > 8yW - à(!d ) 4?,>?B;.;'? >?B; /* > HB; 1(+! )C. >?B; $E$C I$ $ )C. #J3 #6(=" s* C'& r8b_,d2& ; -! FL 4 #R* /* #($($ 0!W= & C. +.*,FL /($($,D2& I( 4 ; &2 -! -+c!,.c. /* 4 >(. VC, #+BG ; -! 0!W= -. z.c.?,fl F_; /* E, u( ; ( 4 FL 7f ) & 4 > C(# FL ) 4 q (* FL 7f ) & 4 ;G. + (.# B3; #"O CW" 4 } ; -! FL )-+c!,.bw, T* & (3 C #"O #G83 )ua #6 J) C.? #BD+J 0a(K9 C ( }? FL C ( /'!' 4 FL 7f )C. >G3 PBW; C(# FL )B.$ -.(192 :1384 C & Š # PBW; l 6 ; -! (.# > HB; +D -B WH #,FL 7. bc+bw, BHU PBW; (UA 4 C ('& F #,FL.C. /9

11 «169»!$$! % &'%( )!"# &,FL )#84 (O. &# 4 & (3 7f #($($,>?B; SB+4 4.(Ashwin van Rooijen, 2010: 11) C++4# PW= 2 71PBW; & 1 4 >&$ -+c!,.c. 7! & 7=BW,FL } C(#,FL? C+B; /* #4 (GU 4 C. #1B3 S(K9 >?B; #zf' ; -! FL.C (,>?B; & & (3 7f b; >C. lk /* ; /* /(# ); jg FL #6(=", BA 4 )? C+PW=. 4 PW= 4 -B & 3 #JKB3 FL A& C", & ) (! NE,FL #R E1 4 #W4 -BW_ )#_ q )#$; & H /CO te3 )1976 ( 3 ( > A$; &. ( YB$ /&C > HB; & 3; NE FL > HB; SG6 '& 3 (3 ;(3 & F*..(95 :1391 )(8(6 '6) W 6; P" #B3 -+w #A_.C; w (i4 /4 >?. - & «&(!, (i4 >?.«G3 74 -B /C ) ; N. - ); FL <(="!" HW8? 4 & :(97 Q 96 :/!, :h. ) t(3 FL )I(+B,F_; o!, 4 ; - GK -ŒF...» (3 ~W > HB; H,CJ... 4 C ( t(3 FL /(# *...PC Ž8G.C> C3 ~W >$, /4 f4...c> ( #2 #?!, 4 )PB....; B. C(1 a & #B1; B!4 ~W B 5" & #. #B CB.? )C> 4! C> 4 6; FL 4 C+C C #$; /CO 1. Application. 2. Operating System / OS. 3. Proprietary Software / Closed Source Software. 4.Open Source Software FOSS (free open source software) FLOSS (free/libre/open-source software).

12 94/7 / «170» VJ (3!1,S; C(# #$; CO LC4... (. B.( #(3 FL 4... C! p( `R /* & C! (3 S(K9 ;C+BW & # S. )#W( P! LC_B; Y( > P(B 4 C+4#! S9.(3 >C /* Fw.«P! t(3,fl <g #$; 4; G+' / 4 s# )-B & VC,. 6 -B,FL )(4 &.(520 :/!,) ; >C$S=B FL D;( & N@J 5" R & /* KB6 5" U+ )_W > HB; (R >C BW-B / #JKB3 FL >C++4 C /* CR p( & D;( )N@J 5" >C$S=B & /* >U,.(Lemley & Shafir, 2011: 140) &+ 7CG FL 4 (.# lg; (FL #W( /) pg+ C4 #;B; )W_ B;,FL #;B; - b N@J & (GU 86 4 (. >C #;B; & C #;B; pg+ C4 /4 o!, -B FL.W W /?!, I( -..$ hb. /* /(# Y b C kkb3 #J3 4. ^_. F' (4 VC, 5=9 b (.# N@J & C# = /4 o!,!, FL.W -! pg+ C4 /A #;B; 1970, -! B; c L #K_. 0H 7J" -B FL &.,FL / 4 KB6 >G #D; )#6@3,>$C m; ^_. - & ; A &B; FL )& q. 7A *,FL + )-!, ; '( #6@3 q >C&*CC L 4e w$ bc. Lq 9 #BWG?A #( LC1 )C> (! & /A 4.(515 Q 514 k )1391 )(8(6 '6) )FL /* TF C+(# (3 ),FL - j;( 4 ; #(' (; #;B; (! #D; & )81 -!,.(515 :/!,) CG W (; )N@J = 5O ) 6 -.C! -!x 6 j. & ( >C16 R FL #8J p+ *

13 «171»!$$! % &'%( )!"# F #' / I(2( C4 & pg+ C4 )/* m; 4 ; 1 #84 #(!1 (R (UA #;; 7J Uw -B FL.C! N@J /* C(# #W4, & $# p( S(J - 2.C+, 6 /? B3 #? FL C+(# /* m; 4 ; S(J & (R - )FL S=B & ; >C. C+BW )#84 #(!1 (R 6 +4 ('& 3 #84 B!4 #(!1 (R L (R )-+c!,.(521 :/!,) (.# >C$S=B )B.$ -. #! /* ˆ ) # & FL > HB; & #i4 4 )C. /* mgb6 CC' s & C. B.? p m; #K_. >$, )/* m; La -+w )C. > (! > HB; /* j= $.C! 1 (R - j. C.(525 Q 524 :/!, :h.) W FL.; 0&HB /? FL -B,FL 4. O3 C.C. B.C #;B; pg+ C4 4 4 ; -! F /?.; #+;9 & ld -B #JKB3 FL & - ~, ('& B!4 6@3 ; -! ) &C9 ; 3; & #"O 7 )#JKB3 FL VO 4, 56 & BA,FL - )? VO b (_ PAw (GR >C$S=B w$ + ) (4,(R 4 #8A )S",.C;# #G1 >$, Y bc # G FL (yw (3 F >C; )W '& 3 /* 0O_ L! C >C$S=B & ; (. 0W3 /G' )C. B. C ( C+* 1. General Public License (GPL). 2. Nobody should be restricted by the software they use. There are four freedoms that. every user should have: the freedom to use the software for any purpose, the freedom to change the software to suit your needs, the freedom to share the software with your friends and neighbors, and the freedom to share the changes you make. When a program offers users all of these freedoms, we call it free software. 3. Lesser General Public License (LGPL).

14 94/7 / «172» ; >C+, (R 58DB FL 5" 4 W C -+c!,.(528 :/!,) i.(530 :/!,) C,!3 /C C,(_ >$, C(# 4 & CJ.2 /* #"O & 3; & +F, R 4 #R* PBW )B.$ l E + /&C -+ b; 5" d= & > HB; & Rg f ); W $; C+ - D;( & R )/* SG & CC ; A$ /( /$C; )#B!" -+w C S".(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.4) CB# E3 &+ ;.(; G+'.C++4#!",FL 0(J w & (?w 4 W!$$ 4$ ) 4$ &!H ' C ('& #..W4 /(6!" ( #8J ^_. 4 PC C Fw, T /(6 /(+1 4 ($ b; /(6!" ( ^_. -#8J & -BW_ >C&*CC b; >C 7!1 #HD & (4 /(6 -B )S" -.;& L S;,FL /$C&*CC <(="!" /(6 (17) & (2) ( #' -* 3 > & T m; 4 C+BW, #J_. ^_. FL >C&*CC» :C+4# L@1 LR FL ;> & 3; )#"O )789 P1 u( 7" 84 (3 B, U & #B & & 5O!". (.# PW= >C!1 B; &,!" 19 & 18 0C6 } 4.«C+, ( /(# )$ (3 #K_.!" >.#K_.!" & #(!1 4 D' 1 #U' /; 0z' &?&* >C,D <(=" #K_. #B!" 0C6 D E )-+c!,) ; 1 5" C 01@O & 2 #+.(CD & 249 :1393 )#G' :h. ),F L & 1. Wipo Performances and Phonograms Treaty / WPPT (adopted in Geneva on December 20, 1996). 2. Obligations concerning Technological Measures.

15 «173»!$$! % &'%( )!"# = FL!" #G w,(a4 C C )#B &!" #;.CB3;, o!, `G= 4 C+4# L@1 /! * 1993 S; #"@J r { 5" /(6.(Karger, 2002: 237) ;!" S(!A )C. 6@3 #86C"?A S; t(k,fl /$C&*CC!" /(6 )/ <(=" FL #. 5" } )C; /GU? (. Cz 1379/10/10.; /* #83!" & / <(=" >%& )#6(=",Lq,FL!" C )m; - FL 4 W C )-+c!, b;!" (,FL LC4 4 W C bpc. $# 6 <(=" #B!" Lq LC4 ); CC' 0C ( 8!' 4,FL s{ & #4!" S; /(6 )/$C+W( #3 q /(6 0 p #D; 1383 t(k (4 /(6 17 & 2 ( #' -* bw.(79 :1384 )L@4) ; > (G 5( /C+w F - 4 B. (4 & CJ ''?.2.2 FL!" > #88! - PU n"g BA,, 7& & BH,, #O 6 r { 5" Lq 9 C #B!" -+w 4 ( 8yW - 7" /* VC, 4 C. NE.(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.6) C. K9!" Lq 9 à!b" IB3 5" $ (r :C> L #B!" PBW; & >(!, ) Lq )S", #i4 /C 4 +, # <(=" S(J & +G.#BD+J (t b+, # /(W(+4 #88! - #8J C+; & /C++, & /$C+W(!" BA )C+($# r { 5" #8J C+; & R & /?BD+J!" BA )#BD+J, m; & +G & ; / 1. Obligations concerning Rights Management Information.

16 94/7 / «174» FL * b $# 6 B; LC4,FL )S".; Y /(W(+4 /* &* ('& C!" #(; B; B.( ; IB3 #!C6,Lq P,(3# w 4 C* T S{; - ; -! CB.PBW CC' Lq SG & P! > HB; CC' >CC WH & 2( & PC IB3 #i4 F' /* 4 PBW, - SG w 4 ; C )? 0G1 5" & #i4 Lq / ( #!C6 4 H$ /(# ;.P.G K9 P SG /* J1 - 4 C. lg; FL >C&*CC <(=" /* C1(6 S(!. & IB3 #a(o lg; ) <(=" J1 /* / 4 P4" & FL CC' Lq R 4 C+. BA!" U' )-!,.C. C,(3,FL /G"J 5" V@ & /C. r { 5" > HB; )#!C6 Lq & - P4" C1(6 > HB; & FL /$C&*CC :W l;+ CC' k3 Lq )7e 7a )? 0G1. (!# &2 IB3 5" Lq #!q# & BA n1 )? ('(,Lq +4 CC' Lq R (r #6 J :h.) ( PC6 ( CC' ( <9 # / C" C Y b (.# #6(=" :h.. (! +B; #4& L8& PW #+ /(# > - b231 :1389 )ua /* & ( #6(=",3. / 4 P4 # C )? 0G1.(73 :1393 )GHD'. (! F, > (U BW$ & 78= #6(=" Lq 7J C+w )? 0G1.C. C,(3 ' 9J #( lg; )CC' Lq R (t t #x6 * & >= )/(6 =B; 81 & PC6 Lq #6(=" D' & V1 #6 J) $# 0(J #B" ' & ' La H. #B!" C1(6 )I(2(.(231 :1389 )ua 7 #!C6 C1(6 bc. C,(3 s{!" #( lg; )CC' Lq R ( >C&*CC /(# b;r & B #88! - G+' BA #88! - #6(=" 0OG.(231 :/!,) 4!" /($($,/ FL

17 «175»!$$! % &'%( )!"# 81 )#!C6 -(6 4 ; ;.W >C++4p6 /C+w /(#! 3 7 & V1 B$ CC' C1(6 ); >C. #U' BA )/ S(O,(A4 3+. FL D+J )S",. A hba, /* BA & ; #U' 0D E :1384 )L@4) #! (! k3 #B!" Lq - & ( s{ & p;!" l O.(76 4 ( O3 + Pg#81 F_; 4. O3 C F -!" C(# (3 ) & & C3 86 & ; C'& )/* B P4" F_;,!" - B; LC4 4 ;R+ 8yW.C! t' 6 IB3 l 6 #+ 4 7 à(!d,f_; 4 H$ /(# ;.; #B!",J1 ; # - b;!" I( - S(!A & $# I(2( P4" F #R Pz@1 & #BD+J #"O /(# -+.W /*.W wi,c!" S(!A F,F_; #3 )? VO & W l 6 F #3 & #i4 l 6,FL #3 )PBH$ 4 (O/!, 4 CB.$ - 7J,(A4 W )#83 <(=".C # 6 IB3 5",> HB; /(# & C+4 C IB3 " #,$ & BW +, & # s F' FL 6 <(=" #O. &* 7!1 /* P, R Pz@1 u(,!" u(,fl /(# J1 Uw #+D bc FL ~!4 C(# P, ; C2 F S(K9 L )- >&@1.6 <(=" )R Pz@1 )IB3 5" )r { 5" : 4!".(Karger, 2002: 237)!" 86 #R Pz@1 <(=" 5E, o!, #84 >C16 ~ CG ),FL k(k3 )m; - ),(A4 BA )!,-. z...& S=B & 3; 7. ),D2& o!, k(k3 #3 m; & (.#!" r { 5" 5O FL 5" )/! * & * 7f.!4" P, IB3 5" )j.

18 94/7 / «176»! H K $ ) /C* ('& 4 4 NE n9 BA,, 78! - <(=" od' P, (W( & (i& 1985 S; W P4" C P LC4,FL.C+C,FL P4" r { 5" CC; 5( m & ( U, /; & - #1W ~A >!, /;+.4 B!4 l;+ 7. f r { 5" t_b ;.(; A & CC. p!' 1985 > C+w.C. # s* G. C(# 4 U' - bc P6,!" 4 W # s*, 4 C 4 l(k #+(6 CDB,(A4 )CD `(!1 #BW 4 C. B /U' E; )Yi; & ; r { 5"!" I(2(.(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.7) K9 & & 4 r { 5"!" 0C,D, r { 5" #+BG!" p' #88! - I!' /(# 4 >C,D -PU )#88! - 0= -.; B t #($($ R,G+' p' =() Yi ) 4 I(' /* FL k(k3 # S(!A /* & #,FL =( - 10 L 1 C+ 2.; 1 ( -+ 3.C # +, & #!" / /(W(+4 S(!A & +, & /(W(+4 S(!A /* `J #88! - q & >C. '( P,,FL =( - Yi =( )C. / /(W(+4 (x1 (A4 >$, #+D b; > 6 / A 5" >C,D.W,FL ($-!" LF8 #88! - q )C. Bi s /* & B3, 1 (3 4 > F 4 #U' /; 1. Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)..; #U' 0R /; (x1 u&. /* & B;(i =( - /.2 3. Computer programs, whether in source or object code, shall be protected as literary works under the Berne Convention (1971). 4. WIPO Copyright Treaty (WCT).

19 «177»!$$! % &'%( )!"#,FL $C' Lq #8 /(6 4 C+4#! #H b; > 4 #=8 +, # } F >C,D - )S",.C;+A!; U* $C' B; CC P4" Yi =( 4 H$ C #88! - C+; & - 0&H / >C,D b«vc, C4 CG C4 >(3» #B!" -+w» 2.; / /(W(+4 (.# S!1!" C+4# K :C+4# L@1 #+ B!4 7. 0G1 /!, F (i& A 5" Wipo, no. ) «C. /* / & & 7. 4 w, ) (.# S!1, IB3 5" #& /(W(+4 52 > 2 C+ )#88! +; - 8!'.(7.15 BW A 5" BW. /* & > (!,FL IB3 5" S(!. `9J 4 ; E1 1 > 1 C+ F, k(k S; #& (!+, 4.; ; )8 > ) (!+, - BG 5. K )FL >C&*CC A 5" #.!".C+4#! p+ #BD+J, l 6 >C&*CC <(=" 1. Computer programs are protected as literary works within the meaning of Article 2 of the Berne Convention. Such protection applies to computer programs, whatever may be the mode or form of their expression. 2. Agreed statements concerning Article 4: The scope of protection for computer programs under Article 4 of this Treaty, read with Article 2, is consistent with Article 2 of the Berne Convention and on a par with the relevant provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. 3. European Patent Convention (EPC), also known as the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October The following in particular shall not be regarded as inventions within the meaning of paragraph 1: (a) discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods; (b) aesthetic creations; (c) schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers; (d) presentations of information. 5. In accordance with the provisions of this Directive, Member States shall protect computer programs, by copyright, as literary works within the meaning of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works.

20 94/7 / «178» +!, PU. ('& r { 5"!" Lq t_b #!U 7a B.( R VC, )/ >C,D 2 > 1 C+ & ; «B.(» `;;, C. 7J <(8_ 4 #O. ) C +, # s f /* # #OG /(w &!,, 8 bw PU VC, )R+.(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.8).(Hoeren, 2014, S. 100) $ 6 Lq -!" ( C ); B.( )FL & >C+W( C B.( #+D b; J u. ('& u&a (4!" Wipo, 2004, no. ) /* 6@3 #86C" /(B & C. >C. 583 >C&*CC <(=" )>&@1 4 ; /* -!xb B.( f,!".(7.18 5" )f 5" )>%&. (. S!1 F -+w r { 5" #+BG!" jg.(wipo, 2004, no. 7.19) C. S!1 76 #BW L(!1 ug 5" & #i4 p( I$ ;<$ L & C. #$%& /* A oac 4 #(J )# U} f w$ C(# AC /* / ) (.!" r { 5" 9 C(# )C, z #+ 7" > 4 o!, )? 0G1.(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.9) C. F IB3 5"!" I(2( = # U} & r { 5" S(!A >$, )+, & # > ('( n"g L$ C'& H$ /(B & C. B. #BD+J 4 & C, z #+ 7" > )/ /(W(+4 6 F Y /(W(+4!" ( & $ 6 IB3 5" l 6 C(# ); B )C. P, &+,+ o!, IB3 5" 4 C # La Yi 27 > 1 C+. $ /( ) &C9 0z+fB; #3 '( & $ B L$ #+D bc. CC' 4 #O. 5" - )IB3 5" j. ('& )=( - m;.c. B. #BD+J 4

21 «179»!$$! % &'%( )!"# CC' u. ; / ( FL )Y 1.W +, K9+ & &C9. (. t(w9 IB3 C(# )#BD+J 4 & B L$ )/ ( 0= #BWG )>C&*CC A 5" #.!" F #& (!+, 8 > 0a(K9!" & #R ; )a 1 6 )#R Pz@1 )IB3 5" jg? 2.C+4 & l;*, 6 <(=" &,! ) IB3 5"!" 86 FL jg 01B3 ),(A4 W / 4 ^_. 4 (B; #+D bc. #+ >(* LF8BW C. #+ #$%& C'& 4 #O..C+4 7" k3 #+ 7;& > HB; >%& #+ 7A (?w C, 6 te3 #+ FL 4 #O. Y.C. B. #+ s C FL jg 01B3 )? 0G1 >C. 1 )IB3 5" 86 j. * P+4 #; 4 ; &2 )C+4 R #+ s C'& 4 FL b; -+w F /! * <(=".(Wipo, 2004, no. 7.11) 3 ; p+ IB3 5" 5E!" )/ ( FL 7 U+ )C. IB3 5" j. ;. P" - /(# DE6 F / <(=".(Karger, 2002: 237) (.#! E1 #;;,>C A 5" 4 C. - ; -! IB3 5" SG6 7 )/?,>C #+1 0U}?, 4 f ^_. p6& bc+4#! K9.(Bainbridge, 2004: 33) # " )>C. &C9 A 5" 4 #!1 m; SB+4 4 #B6& b $# 6 IB3 5" l 6 " ~ U+ FL )#3 q 4 ; >C. -R ($ FL & ; FL >CU1 -. /$C+W( #3 q.(483 k )1391 )(8(6 '6) C# IB3 5" J(K3 1. Patents shall be available and patent rights enjoyable without discrimination as to the place of invention, the field of technology and whether products are imported or locally produced. 2. The provisions of this Directive shall be without prejudice to any other legal provisions such as those concerning patent rights, trade-marks, unfair competition, trade secrets, protection of semi-conductor products or the law of contract.

22 94/7 / «180» #+ #$%& 4 (r :; P, 7e, IB3 Gs F #'3 ($ 4 (t.c+4# R #+ s )C. ' S" >$, 4w bc. B. L?+, 4 7. S(K9 (.C+4 R #+ s* /* 4 >C. F.(Bainbridge, 2004: 122) C! R #+ s* ) & ' & (. > BW$ C(# - ),FL IB3 5" (" M!" 4 H$ /(# #B".C BW$ F...& #R Pz@1 )#BD+J,NO,!" Karger, 2002: ) ;, + NE,J1 8!' )#R ; $ $ ) MN.2.3 BA 4,F L #. <(="!" p' 1(2( -(6 )/ <(=".(239 C4v ); B PWR 1379 t(k,fl /$C&*CC!" /(6 l 6 8yW & -.C+4#!!" #'3,FL à(j & IB3 5" BA.P+4# #; & O " j. C(B FL $ Y 1.; IB3 FL 4 C+4# L@1 `9J 2 > )C. #BD+J 4 & B L$ )/ ( CC' :u. ; C'& )#+D )C. B. IB3!" /(6 2 & 1 > )? 0G1. $# 6 IB3 5"!" & /(+1 9 Pz@1 Gs /(6 = j. ('& 0(J 4 ; - FL /$C&*CC 5" l"j à(j F FL >C&*CC & (. t(w9 IB3 C(# FL )01B3 & Gs /(6 C )IB3 l 6 FL / 6 )/ <(=" Y.; IB3. 4 # /* j. & I(' 01B3. (.# B3+. IB3 /(+1 FL )01B3 & Pz@1 Gs /(6 = j. ('& 0(J.1.C; C,(3 /& y, l(k > - u( -*

23 «181»!$$! % &'%( )!"#!; IB3 l 6 FL J (O /(6-2 L w$ )B.$ - / 6 +G -+. C "J - +, & #, > )B3+.. & Š+, 0& 0& L ('& & (! +B; /(6 /* 8 L C )(4 /(6 0& /C++, & /H+K & /H { 5"!" /(6 9 > m; 4 Q #@; P4; 4 $ RB Q BW +, # # (B #@;. & Š+, FL >C&*CC F +, & # 5" )IB3 5" -B!; +4 )#+!2 (O 1.; >C. B3+.!; 5" #B!" Lq )#88! - & V@3 )/ #6(=" Lq )l E - m; <(=" ; #B" & r { 5" /(# )/* +4 & C++4# C4v,FL k(k3 IB3 CC'. F (4 /(6 3 L /(# FL 5 3 jg ( (4 3 > #+D. (! ug+b;,fl #R /A & L!" & 4!; F FL!" - 4 ; FL R,A & Pz@1 2.C;+.# 4 0ˆ #!4 )/ 01B3 Lq 9 ) $ 6 IB3 l 6 FL $ )!" - ) $ 6 #i4 l 6 $ & $# 6!" ( )>C. K /(6 ( F FL R,A Pz@1 #B" & (.# / <(=" FL S(!A P,!" ($!, /(# )/ NK -(6 RB 3. $# 6!" ~(H # 1 (. j;( #+ Cv &CJ Y /(6 - (2) & (1) ( I(2(,FL Gs.1. # LR,4. Gs p' #@;. & Š+, 0& j;( ( lw" C(#! Y4, & ; (3 /(6 -!" ; FL VD 4 >%& A & /(+1 )L.2 - g. 4 )C+4 UG. = 4 #G /* C+ I( /!,? FL U*.C. C,(3 L(9 /(6 - (13) > = 0R 0(J 4 #J_.» :C+4# /,FL /$C&*CC!" /(6 17 & 2 ( -* 16 3 /&C (3 FL/A & /(+1 )L ); #J3 FL VD 4 >%& /A & /(+1 )L >.3

24 94/7 / «182» ('& FL?,!" > #D+ &,FL /$C&*CC,FL IB3 5" (" L@1 4 ; - $/(6 & R+. C (4, )#+D bfl +, Q #, #H & > ( 0Gs # `J ).; B$ M Lq &, S(!A,FL 4 # $/(6 p2( 4 CC=BD >C1 )S", 5"!" > g* CG + >%& b; ; )BW A 5" & IB3 5".(505 :1391 )(8(6 '6) (!# #f"g -+w $ (3 ),FL >C&*CC 4 C. lg; ).,FL (" r { 5" & IB3 5" Lq & 4 # & 71PBW; / 4 CC. /C 7z6 #3 + 8!'. (. U+A #J3,Lq r { 5" Lq? & 01B3 Lq # & & U 0&H 4, + -B$ q 4 CC. /* F >C1.(238 :1389 )ua #6 J) 4!" )C 4 4 #,FL )#+fb; ( & C. r { 5" p ); B.( FL &CJ & IB_ ;(3 u(+ F IB3 5" S(!.. (.!" IB3 5" l 6.(240 :/!,) C. IB3 Gs & #3 q )>C&*CC 5" k(k3 /(6 & & (4 l E +1 ; B!" 7=BW & k3 Lq 1379 S; /(6 $/(6 )/$C+W( #6 J) ( C,(3 7e j. p k3 Lq FL <(=".(78 :1384 )L@4) :(241 Q 240 :1389 )ua b ' -. j;( f / ( R (r b/gba _W f F(R (t b / &2!' / ( R ( bm(d #;C+U F(R ( <(=" d6 )C+! > HB; & #(6 >C+! & 5; FL (+D & <(=" >C (R.«C(.# t(w9 >C&*CC

25 «183»!$$! % &'%( )!"#.$; C ( / ( R (> -<!H$E$C 4$ &.2.3.2!" #'3 FL & #+; & #83 G+' )/ <(=" FL!" C+4# /,FL /$C&*CC!" /(6 16 L )+ 2(.C+4#! / p( P, & C ( P, #+D 1 bc. >C. p( & C ( / - & FL 4. (. p( P, & C ( P, )# j;( & / )? 0G1.C 5=9 (+D & 5" & ; /(6 /* 1 > } 4 Q (4 > 0G1 '( } P, )#'3,FL!" )6 > I(2( 4 C;# q Q > (! K /'3 #DGO <(=" d= lg; -.; >C&*CC (+D <(=" P, & <(=" 5" &C9 LC1 )(4 /(6 17 & 2.; #88! - 0= & C1 r _ & ( #' -* 4 > )S" - 7A.; $/(6 58E P" re8 lg; - & K / & / (+D #F' P" &CJ #( LC1 )? 8yW & ; /* #+G /(6 -* H _ )#8J k )1384 )L@4) ; -* +B; #'3,FL (+D 5" /x6 81 ^_A / <(=" /?? (+D <(=" 1 '!2 )? 0G1.(140 $ #B" )C. 3 p( C ( >$, )P, 6 q C > H $ )S",.W p6& 8yW - 4 W!" S(!A ) $ 0(J / h3 73 ( /* #.; FL 5"!" / ( #+; 7J? 4 #,FL /(6!" BW$ & #U' & #?+,!, U' )S" - & C.( PAw a WH C ); >C $ p( /(A4 j= + >C. C ( / / -BW_ I(2( 4 ( C,(3 /(6 -!" ( #(J (1) > (4 <(=".1.C. >C. p( & C (

26 94/7 / «184» 3 `@f b;!" 76 )C. / h3 73 FL #zf' >$, 4 H$.Y1 (. p( / & C ( / ( #+; u.,fl < 16 > 4 H$ C )a l E m; bc+4#!!" )C. >C. p( & C ( 3 4 #,FL & > 4 / "J.C. >C. p( C ( #83 0= 5GO / +? CC=BD,/(W(+4.; >CA B #88! -,/(W(+4 W D - 5" / ( #+; )/ /(6 )? 0G1.C. C (A4 /* «IG» (; C ( 4 # & bc, # 6 '( ( (A4 & S(K9 / #+1 E L&F & B.C>CF$ & >?B6 >C&*CC D & / ( #K_. D O(,/(W(+4,FL CG + ) (.#. > - r _ L(UH 4 RB -+. 4!" ); B 5=9 3 p( & C ( K+1 &, P4 ; 4 )#'3!" ( /(#! ) (.# C ( #ˆ / 4 #'3,FL à(j C ( / #+D bc. B. J 4 $# 6!" ( FL j=. 6 B$ 0(J /* >C&*CC (R #'3 FL ˆ >$, )? 0G1.C. >C. >$, b C ('& )(A4 Gs u. FL - / /(6!" #. )C. / $/(6!" ) 4 #U FL J /(B & C. (R /&C ˆ -+w /* #(6 F & C+4# Gs? (3 L /* 4 FL -+w ˆ 71 4 #8" > 1.; 78! - <(=" S(J 1 & #6@3 -( V@3 ) (.# (3!" + ) z,fl ($- > /'3 <(=" 1 & R+ /(# Gs 8" #+D b$ 4 5" lw4 0C= p6& & FL Gs 8" ).C ('& #B J >$, & (! S!1 q (!" C1(6 /(# FL -+w.;?,(a4 IG s!" } <(=" -(6 MD 0= >C!1 T_.1

27 «185»!$$! % &'%( )!"# SaCB; & ; ~(H # 1 (. & -. 4 (3 #=H8 FL Gs.; FL #+ J " & /* Gs p' #(6 ( 5E F (4 P';!" l 6 p )/ <(=" #. <(="!" 4 W #.!" 8!' ) ('(,!" ; 4 W C -+c!,.; IB3 I(2( S!1 / F #R -&+1 & P@1 &,NO #B" & +, # #8J p2( + >%& b;!" -,#$%& } C UB+. +; ('(,!" & #U' C& r _ )IB3 5" l 6 t_b / /(6 6 +, #, l 6!" ) +; -.; #88! -. $#, #3,#$%& -B$ q & p' >C*T 7zW 789, La!" I(!, 4 / /(6 +1 & /* I( - ~H -!2 u(+ 5" Gs 4 /(6 IB3 5" j. 4e -B$ q & > L #6(=",Lq - )/ #6(=" Lq 4 H$ /(# ); > (! k3 ( #3 1.; B3; 6 (= - K9+ & k3 Lq )/U' ; ^6( 7! & -(6 ˆ 4 /(+4 )m; - #88! - +; p2( Š+,!, (3 p2( /A 4 0&2 )> B /$/(6 VO.C, 6 +, #!" l 6 0a(K9 -!" & C+! ŒF,4. K9 D2& 4 #, =B & #U' C& +1 )? ŒF,4. SG6 '( & ; & /A j8w D2& > HB; (; & FL 7! #U' /4 } > HB; -!2 4 )-B, FL >C++4C ( '( C+ )C+!# H" k3 6 j. -!2 /* #. <(=" ), -.PBW, P, I(2( G+' - # $/(6

28 94/7 / «186» PC= 4 +, #!" p' & 3 9a l 6 W_ B;(3 /* j. & -B (= '( b; B 5=9 )>C. #@; (. Y8R <(="!" ) $ 6 '( I(2( C c* )-+c!,.c C+; - /(#! -!2 ) KB6 0@A & #6(=" ($ s* Pg#81 )!" -.; #'3,FL!; /? #DGO <(=" & C, # C( 3 / #6(=" Lq + # /4 5GE+ #, )FL (UA /$C++4C ( (.# lg; )C;+.# C(# 4 bc+! /4 - L?!, (3,FL & C+! C (.C, 0a(K9 B; - k(k3 #6(=" Lq >C+* 0@A

29 «187»!$$! % &'%( )!"# M.1383 t(k )FL /$C&*CC!" /(6 17 & 2 = ( -*.1 4. :/U ) <(=" HW8 +4 #+D ~8 )-W" )GHD' )W_ w )AB #U; w )AB #U; 4. :/U )$ (3 :5" #K_. <=" ) CG1 )#G'.1384 )W_ w )!; :/U )+, # <(=" )B; )L@4 )/F :/U ) FL /$C&*CC <(="!" ) )ua #6 J )W_.1389 )L&.1391 )W_ w )/F :/U )G; <(=" C= )~; )(8(6 '6.1382/10/17 t(k )~&B 0R /(6.1379/10/4 t(k bfl /$C&*CC!" /(6.4.5 w B'9$ 1. Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS). 2. Ashwin van Rooijen, The Software Interface Between Copyright and Competition Law (Information Law Series), Kluwer, Bainbridge, David, Introduction to Computer Law, Pearson Education Limited, fifth ed., DIRECTIVE 2009/24/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the legal protection of computer programs. 5. European Patent Convention (EPC), also known as the Convention on the Grant of European Patents of 5 October Hoeren, Thomas, Internetrecht, Universitat Munster, April 2014.

30 94/7 / «188» 7. Karger, Michael, Computer Law, Key Aspects of German Business Law, Springer, Lemley, Mark A. & Ziv Shafir, Who Chooses Open-source Software?, University of Chicago Law Review, Winter 2011, WIPO Copyright Treatys (WCT). 10. World Intellectual Property Organization (Wipo), WIPO Intellectual Property Handbook: Policy, Law and Use, 2nd ed