ANSYS AIM Tutorial Turbulent Flow Over a Backward Facing Step

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1 ANSYS AIM Tutorial Turbulent Flow Over a Backward Facing Step Author(s): Sebastian Vecchi, ANSYS Created using ANSYS AIM 18.1 Problem Specification Pre-Analysis & Start Up Governing Equation Start-Up Geometry Import Geometry Enclose Suppress Mesh Set Mesh Size & Controls Generate Mesh Physics Set-Up Create New Material Boundary Conditions / Forces Solution/Results Verification

2 Problem Specification Separation and reattachment of turbulent flow occurs as the fluid encounters a backwards facing step and eventually reaches the floor. Consider the diagram below which illustrates the problem. A developed, turbulent, steady flow enters through an inlet, passes over a backwards facing step and then reaches the ground. In this demonstration, an enclosure will need to be created around the step and air will be used as the flow material. Air will enter via an inlet at the top step at a speed of 0.4 m/s, with a density of 1.23 kg/m^2 and dynamic viscosity of 1.86e-5 Ns/m^2. From this data, the Reynold s number can be calculated to be about 5000.

3 Pre-Analysis & Start Up Governing Equation The incompressible Navier-Stokes momentum and mass continuity equations are used as the governing equations for this flow. The modified Navier-Stokes and mass continuity equations are as follows, respectively. δu 1 + ( u )u = ρ ρ + ν Δu δt u = 0 A few words on the formatting on the following instructions: 1) Notes that require you to perform an action are colored in blue 2) General information notes are colored in black, but do not require any action 3) Words that are bolded are labels for items found in ANSYS AIM 4) Most important notes are colored in red Start-Up We are now ready to begin simulating in ANSYS AIM. Open ANSYS AIM by going to Start > All Apps > ANSYS 18.1 > ANSYS AIM Once you are at the starting page of AIM, select the Fluid Flow template in the top as shown below.

4 You will be prompted by the Fluid Flow Template to either Define new geometry, Import geometry file, or Connect to active CAD session. Select Import geometry file and press Next.

5 Geometry Import Geometry Select and open the appropriate file named StepsSV. This file can be downloaded here. Once successfully imported, press the blue Finish button. Enclose In order to create an area around the backwards facing step where air will move, an enclosure must be made around it to ensure that there is a volume which can be later meshed. Press Geometry in the workflow tab and select Edit Geometry in the Geometry template. The

6 Enclosure tool can be found in the Analysis section of the toolbar under the Prepare tab. Select the step body and a box will appear around it to be edited. Uncheck the Symmetric dimensions box and change the height of the enclosure to be 0.2m, then change all other values to zero. Use the picture below for guidance. Press the green checkmark and the enclosure will be generated. Suppress Now that the geometry of the flow volume has been created, we can suppress the step from the physics calculation. Right click the solid in the geometry tree and select Suppress for Physics.

7 Mesh Close the Model Editor, then initiate the meshing process by clicking on Mesh in the workflow. Set Mesh Size & Controls Under Global Sizing, change the size function method to Proximity. In the Boundary Layer S ettings, under Collision avoidance, choose the Layer compression option. The boundary layer locations will need to be specified. Click Boundary Layer under Mesh Controls in the Objects section of the Mesh template. Use the face selection tool and select the 3 faces on the bottom of the flow volume as shown below. It can be anticipated that a high mesh resolution will be necessary in the areas surrounding the step. In order to achieve this, use a Body Sizing control. Body Sizing can be found in the Add drop down menu next to Size Controls. Create a Body Sizing by selecting the solid and using an Element size of 0.02m.

8 Generate Mesh Click Generate Mesh under Output or at the top of the screen by the status window for Mesh, AIM should detect that you are ready to generate the mesh and highlight the buttons in blue. Below is an example of the mesh that is generated.

9 Physics Set-Up Create New Material In the problem specification, a density and viscosity are defined for the fluid flow that do not match those of the material sample of air. A new material must be defined with the properties that we wish to have. Select Material Assignments and, in the Material drop down menu, choose Create New. In the gas properties window, using the Add drop down menu, select Density and Viscosity. Input the values given in the problem specification for the appropriate properties. Boundary Conditions / Forces First, the inlet must be defined using the Fluid Flow Conditions. In the Add drop down menu by Fluid Flow Conditions, select Inlet. Then, using the face selection tool, define the inlet as the plane perpendicular to the top step. Make sure to input the Velocity magnitude as 0.4 m/s.

10 Once the inlet is defined, the outlet is next. In the same drop down menu, define an O utlet at the end of the step. Assign a Gauge static pressure of 0 psi. Create an opening for the top of the flow volume by selecting Opening in the Add drop down menu. Select the top face of the flow volume and input 0 Pa for the Gauge entrainment pressure. Add a Symmetry condition from the Add drop down menu to the sides of the flow volume. Do not select the faces at the beginning and end of the steps.

11 Next, a Wall condition must be added to all surfaces that are not already defined. Wall can be found in the same Add menu as the previous conditions. AIM will automatically create the walls once the option is selected; AIM selects every face that doesn't already have a boundary condition on it.

12 Solution/Results Press the Results button in the Workflow to extract information from the simulation. In order to find information that can be readily used, press Evaluate Results. Once the evaluation is complete, AIM will automatically output a vector in the Results section under Objects. Select the Vector to edit the settings with which the vectors are defined. Press the Plane button in the top right corner of the model window ; this will create a plane in which we can plot the vectors in two dimensions. Select the plane as the Location. Retain Symbol distribution as Uniformly distributed and input a value between for Approximate number of points. Change the Symbol sizing in the Appearance section to 0.35, and change the Symbol length to Constant. Press the Play animation button in the model window to see how these velocity vectors develop over time. A zoomed in view of below the backwards facing step shows the recirculation phenomenon that was expected.

13 To plot the pressure field, create a contour on the plane that you created earlier. Return to the Physics task, select Contour in the Add drop down menu, choose the plane as the Location, and assign the Variable to be Total Pressure.

14 The same thing can be done to plot the velocity field as a contour. Repeat the steps above to create the Contour, but make the variable Velocity Magnitude instead of Total Pressure.

15

16 Verification Since so many study cases have been done for this problem, it is easiest to validate our simulation against those cases. In this tutorial, Backward-Facing Step Flows for Various Expansion Ratios at Low and Moderate Reynolds Numbers by G. Biswas, M. Breuer, and F. Durst will be our study case, and the streamlines will be compared to the simulation. In order to plot a streamline in AIM, select Streamline from the Add drop down menu. Select the Inlet as the Seed location, change the Distribution to Based on mesh, change N to 2, and change the Direction to Forward and backward. A second steamline will be created to show the recirculation behind the step, using a plane located inside the recirculation region as the Seed location. Return to the Results task, select the small step wall using the Face selection tool, and then create a plane by pressing the Add Plane button. Using the blue arrow, drag the plane to a location downstream of the step, about 1.5 times the step height away from the step. Return to the Results task and select Streamline from the Add drop down menu. Select the newly created Plane as the seed location, change the Distribution to Based on mesh, change N to 2, and change the Direction to Forward and

17 backward. The following image is a zoomed in picture of the eddy found at the corner of the step. The two streamlines can now be combined by traveling to the result list within the Results task. Check the boxes for the two streamlines to get the combinedstreamline image shown below.

18 A streamline plot from the study case and from the simulation are shown below. It can be seen that the simulated flow behaved just as we had expected it to in our problem specification and the case study. Press the Play animation button in the model window to see how the streamlines develop over time.

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