X. GPU Programming. Jacobs University Visualization and Computer Graphics Lab : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 1

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1 X. GPU Programming : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 1

2 X.1 GPU Architecture : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 2

3 GPU Graphics Processing Unit Parallelized SIMD Architecture 112 processing cores on nvidia GeForce 9800GT (7 years ago) 512 processing cores on nvidia GeForce GTX 580 (5 years ago) 1536 processing cores on nvidia GeForce GTX 680 (3 years ago) 2048 processing cores on nvidia GeForce GTX 980 (last year) 3072 processing cores on nvidia GeForce GTX Titan X (last month) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 3

4 Restrictions Not a generalized vector processor Cannot read and write to same areas of memory Limited output capability Currently, expensive to output to arbitrary locations in memory Restricted memory size 1GB on nvidia GeForce 9800GT 1.5GB on nvidia GeForce GTX 580 2GB on nvidia GeForce GTX 680 4GB on nvidia GeForce GTX GB on nvidia GeForce GTX Titan X : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 4

5 Notation Vertex A data structure for a point in a mesh, containing position, normal, texture coordinates, etc. Fragment A pixel, possibly sub-pixel, of a rasterized image Shaders Small programs run in the GPU at specific stages of the GPU pipeline : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 5

6 Memory constructs Buffered Objects Uniform Registers/State Table Interpolated Registers Temporary Registers Textures : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 6

7 Memory constructs Buffered Objects CPU Generated Streams of Data Limited Modifiability Example Vertex Data of a Mesh : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 7

8 Memory constructs Uniform Registers/State Table Constant Data through the Pipeline Only Necessarily Constant for 1 Polygon 32 general purpose registers State Table Specific Registers Projection/Model View Matrices Lights and more : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 8

9 Memory constructs Interpolated Registers Per Vertex Data of a Polygon Stores Information Interpolated Across Polygon 10 General Purpose Interpolated Registers : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 9

10 Memory constructs Temporary Registers Standard Notion of Registers Temporary Registers for In Shader Calculations : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 10

11 Memory constructs Textures Closest to Random Access Memory Expensive to Access Multiple Dependent Accesses Extremely Expensive : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 11

12 GPU pipeline Program/ API Driver GPU Front End CPU GPU Bus Vertex Processing Primitive Assembly Rasterization & Interpolation Fragment Processing Raster Operations Framebuffer : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 12

13 GPU pipeline Program/ API Program API Your Program Either OpenGL or DirectX Interface : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 13

14 GPU pipeline Driver Driver Black-box Implementations are Company Secrets Largest Bottleneck in many GPU programs : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 14

15 GPU pipeline GPU Front End GPU Front End Receives commands & data from driver PCI Express helps at this stage : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 15

16 GPU pipeline Vertex Processing Vertex Processing Normally performs transformations Programmable vertex POSITION, NORMAL, BINORMAL*, TANGENT*, TEXCOORD[0-7], COLOR[0-1], PSIZE Vertex Processor shader textures data for rasterization POSITION PSIZE FOG data for interpolation TEXCOORD[0-7] COLOR[0-1] : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 16

17 GPU pipeline Primitive Assembly Primitive Assembly Compiles Vertices into Points, Lines and/or Polygons Link elements and set rasterizer : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 17

18 GPU pipeline Rasterization & Interpolation Rasterization For each fragment determine respective area of triangle (Barycentric Coordinates) or other primitive Interpolation Primitive Assembler data for rasterization Primitive Type PSIZE POSITION Rasterizer rasterized data DEPTH FOG Barycentric Coordinates TEXCOORD[0-7] COLOR[0-1] data for interpolation TEXCOORD[0-7] COLOR[0-1] Interpolator interpolated data : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 18

19 GPU pipeline Fragment Processing Fragment Processing Programmable rasterized data DEPTH interpolated data TEXCOORD[0-7] COLOR[0-1] Fragment Processor shader data for raster ops DEPTH COLOR[0-3] textures : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 19

20 GPU pipeline Raster Operations Depth Checking Check framebuffer to see if lesser depth already exists (Z- Buffer) Limited Programmability Blending Use alpha channel to combine colors already in the framebuffer Limited Programmability : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 20

21 Example Program/ API Bus Driver GPU Front End Vertex Processing Code Snippet. glbegin(gl_triangles); gltexcoord2f(1,0); glvertex3f(0,1,0); gltexcoord2f(0,1); glvertex3f(-1,-1,0); gltexcoord2f(0,0); glvertex3f(1,-1,0); glend(); Primitive Assembly Rasterization & Interpolation Fragment Processing Raster Operations Framebuffer(s) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 21

22 Example Program/ API Driver Bus GPU Front End GPU Vertex Processing Primitive Assembly Rasterization & Interpolation Fragment Processing Raster Operations Framebuffer(s) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 22

23 Example Program/ API Driver Bus GPU Front End Vertex Processing viewing frustum Primitive Assembly Rasterization & Interpolation Fragment Processing Raster Operations Framebuffer(s) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 23

24 Example Program/ API Driver Bus GPU Front End Vertex Processing Primitive Assembly Rasterization & Interpolation Fragment Processing Raster Operations screen space Framebuffer(s) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 24

25 Example Program/ API Driver Bus GPU Front End Vertex Processing Primitive Assembly Rasterization & Interpolation Fragment Processing Raster Operations framebuffer Framebuffer(s) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 25

26 Example Program/ API Driver Bus GPU Front End Vertex Processing Primitive Assembly Rasterization & Interpolation Fragment Processing Raster Operations framebuffer Framebuffer(s) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 26

27 Summary of GPU part : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 27

28 Quick architecture notes Limits in Shader Size MIMD Branches are supported with a large overhead Unified Shading Architecture Xbox 360 ATI Pool of processors with load balancing : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 28

29 Higher-level shading languages Vectorized languages for designing shader programs Easy way out of tedious assembly coding Not Perfect Results Are Sometimes Clearly Not Optimized Examples Cg GLSL HLSL : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 29

30 GPGPU General Purpose GPU Processing Key Notes Goal to exploit fragment processor Each pixel represents a compacted 4-component element of data Most optimal in gathering algorithms Vertex shader needed to re-order output Possibly Optimal in Unified Shading Architecture : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 30

31 X.2 GL Shading Language : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 31

32 GLSL GL Shading Language or GLSlang defined by Architectural Review Board of OpenGL closeness to OpenGL : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 32

33 References OpenGL Shading Language. Randy J. Rost. 2nd Edition, The orange book : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 33

34 Vertex shader In a vertex shader you can write code for tasks such as: Vertex position transformation using the modelview and projection matrices Normal transformation, and if required its normalization Texture coordinate generation and transformation Lighting per vertex or computing values for lighting per pixel Color computation Output gl_position : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 34

35 Hello World example Vertex Shader : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 35

36 Fragment shader This unit is responsible for operations like: Computing colors, and texture coordinates per pixel Texture application Fog computation Computing normals if you want lighting per pixel Output nothing gl_fragcolor (the final color of the fragment) or gl_fragdata (when rendering to multiple targets) : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 36

37 Hello World example Fragment Shader : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 37

38 Embedding shaders : Advanced Graphics - Chapter X 38

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