Last time?! Block 3: Lecture 1! Wireless networks! Ingredients 2: Antennas! Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones, PDAs & Co.! 20/05/14. Part 3: lecture 3!

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1 20/05/14 Last time? WiFi Block 3: Lecture 1 Part 3: lecture 3 Wireless s Speed and ranges and channels Specifications DCF mechanisms WiMax Mobile s Ingredients 1: Mobile Phones, PDAs & Co. Ingredients 2: Antennas 1

2 Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 1 Ingredients 3: Infrastructure 2 Management Data bases Switching units Monitoring Ingredient 4: frequencies Test 2

Some facts (I) Mobile traffic 1. Global mobile data traffic grew 81 percent in 2013. From 820 petabytes/month in Dec 2012 to 1.5 exabytes/month in Dec. 2013 2.

Over half a billion (526 million) mobile devices and connections were added in 2013 The total number of mobile devices is now 7 billions Some facts (II) 4.

3 Some facts (I) Mobile traffic 1. Global mobile data traffic grew 81 percent in From 820 petabytes/month in Dec 2012 to 1.5 exabytes/month in Dec Mobile traffic in 2013 was 18 times the traffic of the whole Internet in 2000 In 2000 traffic in the Internet was 1 exabyte 3. Over half a billion (526 million) mobile devices and connections were added in 2013 The total number of mobile devices is now 7 billions Some facts (II) 4. In % of the mobile connections are 4G. They generate 30% of the mobile traffic. 5. Mobile video traffic exceeds 50 percent of the total traffic. It is expected that in 2018 video will represent 2/3 of the mobile traffic percent of total mobile data traffic was offloaded onto the fixed through Wi-Fi or femtocell in

and LTE-Advanced to achieve higher data rates:

4 Access schemes Access methods OFDMA Cellular s The access and multiplexing technique adopted in WiMaX and LTE-Advanced to achieve higher data rates: "1gpbs to non-mobile users and 100mbps to mobile users. 4

5 cell Cellular s architectures covers geographical region base station (BS) analogous to AP mobile users attach to through BS air-interface: physical and link layer protocol between mobile and BS connects cells to wired tel. net. manages call setup Mobile Switching Center Public telephone 2G (voice) Base station system (BSS) BTS BSC G Gateway Public telephone Mobile Switching Center wired Base transceiver station (BTS) Base station controller (BSC) Mobile Switching Center () Mobile subscribers 3G (voice + data) radio controller G Gateway Public telephone 3G architecture radio controller G Gateway Public telephone Key insight: new cellular data operates in parallel (except at edge) with existing cellular voice v voice unchanged in core v data operates in parallel SGSN G GGSN Public Internet Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) radio interface (WCDMA, HSPA) radio access Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) SGSN core General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) Core Network G GGSN Public Internet public Internet 5

GSM GSM Formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) Now: Global System for Mobile Communication Pan-European standard, today many providers all over the world use GSM (>220

Components and Subsystems MS (mobile station) BS (base station) (mobile switching center) LR (location register) KPN GSM coverage. Vodafone GSM coverage.

6 GSM GSM Formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) Now: Global System for Mobile Communication Pan-European standard, today many providers all over the world use GSM (>220 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America) more than 4,2 billion subscribers in more than 700 s more than 75% of all digital mobile phones use GSM NL coverage GSM Components and Subsystems MS (mobile station) BS (base station) (mobile switching center) LR (location register) KPN GSM coverage. Vodafone GSM coverage. RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS ( and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the Source: 6

7 Overview Slide from: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC Slide from: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC Elements and interfaces NSS with OSS OMC, EIR, AUC HLR G fixed radio cell MS MS U m BSS radio cell VLR VLR RSS BTS MS BTS BSC A bis BSC A BSC BSC RSS NSS VLR HLR O VLR signaling ISDN, PSTN G PDN IWF OSS EIR AUC OMC Slide from: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC GSM cellular possible radio coverage of the cell cell idealized shape of the cell use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on geography) if a mobile user changes cells handover of the connection to the neighbor cell Mobility in cellular nets 7

8 Handling mobility in cellular s home : of cellular provider you subscribe to home location register (HLR): database in home containing permanent cell phone #, profile information (services, preferences, billing), information about current location (could be in another ) receive level BTS old Handover decision Slide from: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC receive level BTS new visited : in which mobile currently resides visitor location register (VLR): database with entry for each user currently in could be home MS HO_MARGIN MS BTS old BTS new GSM: indirect routing to mobile home consults HLR, gets roaming number of mobile in visited mobile user HLR 2 home home Mobile Switching Center VLR Mobile Switching Center 4 visited 3 correspondent 1 call routed to home Public switched telephone home sets up 2 nd leg of call to in visited in visited completes call through base station to mobile old BSS GSM: handoff with common VLR Mobile Switching Center old routing new routing new BSS handoff goal: route call via new base station (without interruption) reasons for handoff: stronger signal to/from new BSS (continuing connectivity, less battery drain) load balance: free up channel in current BSS GSM doesn t mandate why to perform handoff (policy), only how (mechanism) handoff initiated by old BSS 8

9 GSM: handoff with common Handover procedure Slide from: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jochen H. Schiller MC old BSS VLR Mobile Switching Center new BSS 1. old BSS informs of impending handoff, provides list of 1 + new BSSs 2. sets up path (allocates resources) to new BSS 3. new BSS allocates radio channel for use by mobile 4. new BSS signals, old BSS: ready 5. old BSS tells mobile: perform handoff to new BSS 6. mobile, new BSS signal to activate new channel 7. mobile signals via new BSS to : handoff complete. reroutes call 8 -old-bss resources released MS BTS old BSC old measurement measurement report result HO command HO command HO decision HO required HO command HO access Link establishment clear command clear command HO request BSC new resource allocation ch. activation ch. activation ack HO request ack HO complete HO complete BTS new clear complete clear complete Hard handover GSM: handoff between GSM: handoff between home Home anchor correspondent PSTN anchor : first visited during call call remains routed through anchor new s add on to end of chain as mobile moves to new optional path minimization step to shorten multi- chain home Home anchor correspondent PSTN anchor : first visited during call call remains routed through anchor new s add on to end of chain as mobile moves to new optional path minimization step to shorten multi- chain (a) before handoff (b) after handoff 9

10 Mobility summary GSM element Comment on GSM element Mobile IP element Home system Gateway Mobile Switching Center, or home. Home Location Register (HLR) Visited System Visited Mobile services Switching Center. Visitor Location Record (VLR) Network to which mobile user s permanent phone number belongs Home : point of contact to obtain routable address of mobile user. HLR: database in home system containing permanent phone number, profile information, current location of mobile user, subscription information Network other than home system where mobile user is currently residing Visited : responsible for setting up calls to/from mobile nodes in cells associated with. VLR: temporary database entry in visited system, containing subscription information for each visiting mobile user Home Home agent Visited Foreign agent Pause Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN), or roaming number Routable address for telephone call segment between home and visited, visible to neither the mobile nor the correspondent. Care-of-address Long Term Evolution LTE Initiated in 2004 by NTT DoCoMo, focus on enhancing the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) and optimizing 3GPP s radio access architecture LTE is not 4G sometimes called 3.9G Does not fulfill all requirements for IMT advanced Simplified architecture: flat IP-based replacing the GPRS core, optimized for the IP-Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), no more circuit switching Much higher data throughput supported by multiple antennas Much higher flexibility in terms of spectrum, bandwidth, data rates Much lower RTT good for interactive traffic and gaming 10

LTE advanced Worldwide functionality & roaming Interworking with other radio access systems Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for

tracking, mobility management, and session management in the. EPC architecture SGW/PDNGW The gateways (Serving GW and PDN GW) deal with the user plane.

11 LTE advanced Worldwide functionality & roaming Interworking with other radio access systems Enhanced peak data rates to support advanced services and applications (100 Mbit/s for high and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility) Relay Nodes to increase coverage 100 MHz bandwidth (5x LTE with 20 MHz) All IP core The EPC - Evolved Packet Core Allows for subscriber tracking, mobility management, and session management in the. EPC architecture SGW/PDNGW The gateways (Serving GW and PDN GW) deal with the user plane. They transport the IP data traffic between the User Equipment (UE) and the external s. SGW: point of interconnect between the radio side and the EPC PDNGW: point of interconnect between the EPC and the external IP s 11

Offloading Offloading Motivation: to reduce the load on the cellular data can be offloaded to: WiFi Femtocells With the observation that: 29% of calls placed at home.

12 Offloading Offloading Motivation: to reduce the load on the cellular data can be offloaded to: WiFi Femtocells With the observation that: 29% of calls placed at home. 57% of mobile usage at home or at work.. WiFi offloading Transparently move all user traffic to WiFi when they are in WiFi range 1. Network bypass 2. Managed bypass 3. Integrated data offload Remember u? 12

Cell sizes Type Range Output power (W) Usage Macro-cell 1km-70lm

0km 5-10 Urban, street Pico-cell In building 0.1-0.

1 Indoor, very high-rate coverage The cell sizes decreases as the

13 Cell sizes Type Range Output power (W) Usage Macro-cell 1km-70lm Rural, highway Micro-cell 0.1km-1.0km 5-10 Urban, street Pico-cell In building Enterprise Femto-cell In room Indoor, very high-rate coverage The cell sizes decreases as the throughput demand and usage increase.. Support 2/6 users. Price comparable to Wifi Access. SURFnet LTE in action Pilot project at the UU. 13

Literature Few slides were adapted from: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 5 th edition.

Chapter 10 - Cellular Wireless Networks Chapter 6 - Wireless and mobile s Chapter 4 -

nl/2013-2014/courses/an/fiber_day_2014 " Be there at 10.30 Jaap van Ginkel will be accompanying you.

Differences and effects of different TCP implementations, their scalability and performance.

14 Literature Few slides were adapted from: Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 5 th edition. Jim Kurose, Keith Ross Addison-Wesley, April 2009 The end. Or nearly. Chapter 10 - Cellular Wireless Networks Chapter 6 - Wireless and mobile s Chapter 4 - Telecommunication systems Fiber Day Agenda and details to be found online: " Be there at Jaap van Ginkel will be accompanying you. Part1 summary Workings of TCP and UDP work, namely how congestion control work. Differences and effects of different TCP implementations, their scalability and performance. UDP aggressive behavior needs to be controlled. Make your own TCP implementation. Improvement of switching speeds with cut-through switching techniques. Queuing mechanisms to aid QoS. 14

Part2 summary Part3 summary Traffic Engineering and MPLS. Physical layer and fiber optics workings, architecture and installation of an optical s. This could be extended upon.

Importance of reducing delays. Emergence of WiFi as the technology of choice for mobile connections. MobileIP architecture shows the weakness of the current TCP model.

15 Part2 summary Part3 summary Traffic Engineering and MPLS. Physical layer and fiber optics workings, architecture and installation of an optical s. This could be extended upon. Multiplexing techniques, advantages and disadvantages. Concept of routing will fade, moving down to Layer3 to Layer1/2. Circuits and packets. When to use what when. Know the traffic patters. Importance of reducing delays. Emergence of WiFi as the technology of choice for mobile connections. MobileIP architecture shows the weakness of the current TCP model. Mobile demand increase requires understanding of handover, roaming and seamless transitions within s. LTE offloading. Software Defined Networking. Preparation for the exam The material page on the Wiki is the reference for the material. Exam is open book. 2.5 hours. See you Tuesday 27 th. today 15

Mobility: vocabulary

Mobility: vocabulary What is mobility? spectrum of mobility, from the perspective: no mobility high mobility mobile wireless user, using same access point mobile user, connecting/ disconnecting from using DHCP. mobile user,