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1 Chi, Marcus (2007) Credit Risk Management in Banks of a Developing Economy: The Case of Cameroon. [Dissertation (University of Nottingham only)] (Unpublished) Access from the University of Nottingham repository: Copyright and reuse: The Nottingham eprints service makes this work by students of the University of Nottingham available to university members under the following conditions. This article is made available under the University of Nottingham End User licence and may be reused according to the conditions of the licence. For more details see: For more information, please contact eprints@nottingham.ac.uk
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8 7 00.,30+0,/5#00./,.,5+/.(/5# ,30+0,/5#00./,.,5+/.(/5# ,30+0,/5#00./,.,5+/.(/5#07 7 <-#//20.<-.//20(+0/+/).*00.0(3./<-005#, #0(0.) 7% <-#//200(3./<-0 7%% (+00./.* 7%,./,+/.* 7 <-.//200(3./< /5(,(+0/ +/).*00.,. 30,20+###,. 5,+,#/,, 30 0#0(0.) ,#0,/.,+/,.0(3.,#,*4/.30#0./.*5+,(0 7; ( , ;% ( /08 ; #///,.,30-4 ; (,.(#-/,. ;6 +0(,0./,. ;7 +0, (3 # / B 5 / / '! / '! %&$ Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 7 of 109
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15 3!'C '' '! ' 'B>.KC%$$"?! >? >' B!?C > M?C D B' > B? ' B >2C%$$%L 8 G 3C %$$6? B! ''B /!'! C B '>( C&&;?/ C B '' %$"&B%$$&0DBC '' B B C ' ' B!!>8G3C%$$6? / 1 B BF ' BC B B!!! B/ %$$&!BB!%NO %"N >3C%$$? / M =7N! ) M '%7&! %$$&0DBC!%$"=%$$C-! 'B&&B BB +. - ' B!D B B D B O D >B? ' B D Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 14 of 109
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17 B''B B 'B B (! B >C &&? ( ' D D B>KC&&7? ( 3D ( >0(? ' B ' ( &&6C %& ( +! ( + ' C( ;C0D *(>-(+ C&&6? /! C DC B %& ( >!!? B L ( ( >((? - ( >-(? 0(,.) ( ( (! DB B $0 (#3 ' BL, " 'L ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 16 of 109
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22 0$ +& BL C 6 CD B 7 >G( C&&;?/ C'! '! ' D>?B B '! B B ' '! B ( D B>G C&&? ' B ' >3C&&7?BC! B!! >1 C %$$$?! L?! B!?! BB B! B > B? B!! > C &&;L G ( C&&;LG C&&L1 C%$$$?@!B BCC / C ' O / ' B ' 6 B / ' B 7 #D B D D! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 21 of 109
23 B > ( 'C%$$$? B ' 'B '' ' ' KKC D BC! C ' B! B! >( C&&;?B C ' F B 'B>( C%$$"? ' F 'BC 'B ' F'BA / / I' ' B ' B 1( B '! B!FD B! B 1(!! %A #$ $! $!, +%3 4 5** " 0 +% ( 9 : 1# 9 7,!H0D B %& ( 7 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 22 of 109
24 # : 1# 9 7,!H0D B %& ( 7 && # %"& $! $! 9 +% " + 3 : ",; * " / 1( B ' B! B B ' P& M >!! D?C 1(!!L #' : 1# 9 7,!H0D B O%& ( 7 && # %;& $.! $.!, +% 374 < <3 4 5 *" + ; !4 " % " = +% " Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 23 of 109
25 1( 'B B C B! ' ' F CD B 'B *' 'BC! 'C'!!! B L? B ; '? B K 0' 4 ' B! > B?! B! B ' B > C&&=?,* ( ; >! D C ' B C' 0) ;< K B ' ' ' F '! >( C&&;L &&=?/ C B! K ; B! BF! B''! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 24 of 109
26 + BC!' C B B B' B B B! B B + * ( ; ;> 8! ' F'B'! B!C D A! 9 3!' B ' ' B> B? B9 '! D ' 0* +! 'C >? B >(BC &&&? / >%$$$?!!C B ' B ' B! %A Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 25 of 109
27 2$ + $ ' ) *, "' 2 " $ # ' >)C &&? B D >,? ' BB> B? '! B >+ C&&?,C B F ' ' ' Establishing an appropriate credit risk environment Operating under a sound credit granting process Maintaining an appropriate credit administration, measurement and monitoring process Ensuring adequate controls over credit risk Emphasising the importance of supervision BC ' DB D ' B B'B,' BC C >BC%$$"?/ Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 26 of 109
28 C F ' ' ' ' '! D > C%$$$? (=4>+, D! C! M C F! B! B >(G 5 &&&? BC ' ''! C B@>#BC&&? BC! 'B D ' B '!! C! > G C &&? O / C C! MF >C&&&? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 27 of 109
29 '? + C > C %$$"? 'C L O 'B ' O ' B ' C DB'' O K B B! CK@ B F ' B O ' B B D O ' B ' D C B O B ' D B O! ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 28 of 109
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31 O 8 '' C ' B B! C B! B ' 0, B! ' B! >2C%$$%L 1 G 5C%$$$? > F > / C%$$$? ' B C C ' C! C B B ' B!>(BC&&&?D L! D! B9C! B C!B! ' B! ' B '! '! B '! '! C!!B! B B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 30 of 109
32 B' >4C&&&?CB D 'B >G ( C&&;?BD 'B > C&&=? BB!! 'C '! '!! 'L D ' D B D ' D B 0,0$ A@ BC D ' D 5 BD ' DB!! D >1 G5C%$$$? DB B!!!!! B C 'C ' B C '! B B '>G( C&&;?B D '!!!! B '((! B A Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 31 of 109
33 $ ' ) * 2 2,. ", " 0 - D ' C!! '' D '! Character Capacity Capital Conditions 0,0$0$ A + D ' ''! B B B ' K'! > B '? > B K?! ' D B K B! ' Of what reputation is the applicant/borrower? How consistent/regular is the cash flow of the borrower? What about employment and Job Security? What other engagements is the borrower currently having? Etc. How much wealth does the borrower have? Collateral Is the request backed up by adequate collateral security? How liquid is this collateral? What about economic, financial and market conditions? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 32 of 109
34 $ 2' A +? # Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 33 of 109, "+ "? "0 * " + * " Screening Isolate bad credit files from good ones so that loans are profitable Collect reliable information, e.g. salary, bank accounts, outstanding loans, etc. Use personal judgement, e.g. talking to references supplied, etc. Evaluate likely future success of the business, e.g. future plans, purpose of the loan, industry analysis, visit to company, etc. Assess the value of collateral
35 ? #, ", ; ", * " " 0 " A B ".!C!!D ' C B 'D ' D B B! Monitoring and Use of Restrictive Covenants Write restrictive covenants in loan contracts. Note that this is to minimize the effect of moral hazard Follow up regularly to see if borrowers are complying with restrictive covenants Enforce restrictive covenants if borrowers are not complying. Build a long-term sustainable customer relationship 0,0 ' B B!> C%$$=LBC%$$"L C%$$$LGC&&? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 34 of 109
36 / C D B '! ' B ''>G 4C&&?, B > C%$$=L#BC&&?/ ' ' >D '?! C! 0,0 0$ 6 47 ( D > C%$$=? / ' D2 ' D >,C%$$$? B!! ( B ( 8 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 35 of 109
37 #) (%B4 +(%B4 (& 380 $, 4,!IB 6& ((>? >? 6& # + " # ((>?B 6&.! " B &, 7. %& 2 " ; % %7 # ; OB %7 #! %& BO;7B. 7 ';7B 7.! %&.! % / % & ' Q&O%7&&& 7 %7B % # Q%7&&&O7&&& %7 # %7OB %7 Q7&&&O6&&&& & BO77B 7 'Q6&&&& 7&,'77B 6" " Q%&O&& 7 -B! 7 # Q&&O7&& '7&& %& -BO %.B 67.! %.! %& ) C $! 67 6.' & # 67B &. &.! 6! B O& *, B & ( ' ;& ' %7 # ( 6& ' 6& # I ' & B %&.' %&.! %&, 1 1 " C D * " 0 < " = + ' > '? '>@ B'? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 36 of 109
38 0,0 0 (4 (! %$7&!B C B 3!'C B!/! C!B / BB B! ' > G ( C &&;? 3!'C '! C! ' B ' B ' > C%$$=LG C&&? 0,0 0' 4 >%$$=? A / ' BB ' ' %! 'B!! (!%' ' B! / B B! O C'! B / B! >'?' ' ' B! / ' ' B ' ' B B B! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 37 of 109
39 ! C C B! C ' B! B D 'B 0" A ' ' L (.! + ' 0"0$ 4 D B!( >&&;? B A #5 B # 5 B 0"0$0$ 1+## B C# 5 B! ' B!K#5 B! B C B ' B > BC&&? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 38 of 109
40 B!'C ' B &O% ' >(C &&6?*'! C B B B % K >G C%$"7? 3!'C B/ B' " C B # 5. 3!'C ' D BC B# 5 B B 0"0$0 1 # BB!DB B '! # 5 B B B >? B KM '> G( C&&;?B ' # B B #5 B! ' # 'B 'B 0"0$0' +# ' #5 B# 5 5 B > '? > G C &&? 5 B! 'B B KC '@ A 5>B R%?R>@ H? " B''B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 39 of 109
41 3 C '. #! ( ' 0"0$0) B! /!'!F B C '!! M > C &&7?!B F # DE $0 F $ G$0)F G'0'F ' G!0,F ) G$0!F * 8L S%R! ( I SR+ I S S 6 R 'D BI ' S 7 RI C (E ": BC F# / C B!@ > I?BC! B' BC B D B B BC ' B 0"0 B&.! B B >G( C &&;L C &&;L C%$$=? ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 40 of 109
42 '! > L B+ + + ( >++,(? 0"0 0$ 4! B C' C B >' C &&? B D B / B! B B 'B 'B,)>&&? C C D B 0"0 0! B 'B B + 'B B B B C B B+ >+?+! + % R >2* B%? >2*, B%? + R >2* B? >2*, B? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 41 of 109
43 0"0 0' 3 9(: + + ( >++,(?!B B C ++,( B! BK O ' '! B >8G C&&? / C $! ' BC >%$$"? ' ++,( L C 'C C KD B O ' / B C ++,( O 0"0' B 2 + >2+? ' K!!@ &7N >,C &&? 2 + >2+?! $$7N >%$$=?G( >&&;? B! L >,? + 0"0'0$ 9( : >,?! B ' B ' $! ' B ' '!! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 42 of 109
44 ! ''/ CB! '! ' >%$=6?!!, 5B %& B' BF ' ' B D B ' >G4C&&? / B CB' 'BFD B ' B 0"0'0 + DB ' + > (?CB B!F D B>?! ' KCB%B. B!F *' B!' >? >? B. + T U B '! D BC' B > GC&&? 0 %$% ", * " 3' ' D ' ' %&, 5B>,5? BB ' ' ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 43 of 109
45 '! BB ' 0/ +# / ' B 0 C ' BD! >1C&&;? 'B B ' ' C D >C%$$=L G2C%$$=L8 C%$$=L# C&&LG5 C&&6? ( )BC.C-C:CB >?' ' B! >!C &&=? '! # /C(C2KCK>3C%$$? ( ) >%$$;? B ' ' >B? %7 $ 'B 'B!A 2)3 % Weak Judiciary Bank Runs Fraud 1 Lending to SOEs Connected Lending Political Interference Frequency (in 29 cases) Deficient Bank Management Poor Supervision/Regulation Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 44 of 109
46 . F - " 19' - " C ", " *' 'C D A!B!B ' ' B' 9' A : 2 #& 'BB!!B' '>(C%$$$?B ' C B B! B /! B ' F B >/C %$$$? ( ' : 64?2 %@ >? / ' C B!!A B ' B!!B '! B C B B B C B >?! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 45 of 109
47 BC B >? ( '! B D B! C! C' B'' ' DB ' ''!B ' B B '! B C ' ' ' ', 'L 0@!! B!! ' >!C&&=? 3 ' ' >( G5C&&7?!B '! D >. BG 8 C&&? ' '! > G #!C &&? / B ' ' '!! '>G5 C&&6? B B >C %$$=? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 46 of 109
48 /!'!! C B ' B M > (? >!C&&=? 0. 4 (!! ' ' F B ' L >? L >? C L>'?D ' >'? ' 2!! LD 'D ' D D ' L >?>? K B ' C>? >? K B K < '! L >? # 5 B L >? # L >? 5 L >'? BL >'? L >'? B + L + + ( >++,(?L>'? >,? C>'?+ ( B'! ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 47 of 109
49 @ >? ''! ( B BB B B!B B %&@ (! B/ B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 48 of 109
50 ! " # Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 49 of 109
51 '0$ +& (!. 8 C(. C( + 0 C (+C*C0D *, 8 B' ''! ( B B 5 F %% 'B! / DB BB ' '>5 B? '0 % / ( / BC B B 5 F' B B!! '' ' '! > C&&6?7! ' ( B 2* % Threats from Entrants Low threats from new entrants Suppliers (depositors) High Bargaining power The Cameroonian Banking Industry Competitive Rivalry (high) Buyers (borrowers) Low Bargaining power Substitutes Low threats from other Finance Institutions %% 5 3'5 B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 50 of 109
52 . 6 " G " B& ( ' BC! B >? B B! 0 B '!! 'B' ' '! B '!!C BC C C B! B (C K D! B >3C&&=? BC ( B'B B (( >(,(?! ( >0(?(,( D 'P%>'(%?DB % >(,( + C &&=?!! B BB B( B! B >0C &&7?D A8!!! B B9 B C B ( B % 5 D! B! '! F' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 51 of 109
53 B( B >B? ' >BC &&;? B ' 'B!! B E F! ' B > B&&;? ' F ' B'B 0@ B!B B 4# ( B 'B!' B!B C ' / ( ' ' 7& >(C&&7?3!'C B (,(>!DB B? B ' C B C # ( C ' C 'B CB ' BB B B!' C >B? B B C ' (! ( BBBC ( B! L B '! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 52 of 109
54 ' B C B ' F B! C ' C B 'B! B 'B *'! ( B C B B@ >C&&=? +&#. CB!!!! I' BC ' ' (@ ( B B '!''B B>0C&&7?3!'C!! B!! '! (BC BC F!! & BBC 'B! ('!! > BC &&;? ( 'B'@ ' B B B B(>'! '?C ' >BC&&;? 8 C (!B!'B ' D B' B!! B B B! ' B! B '!!! B >0C&&7? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 53 of 109
55 ' B C '! ' B % B CB %6 B *' C B B ( B! >0 C&&6? 3' B ( BC '! B B '0' &H % B ( B! L B L C B (C ( ( >((? - ( >-(? L(#( >H??C *( HH IHH%*?C/(0(>D/ ( F0 (J?C ( (C0(,.) (( (/! "&N! &N>C&&=? 7! B ( C!B ''! % ' %6 BB ' ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 54 of 109
56 #*+ # I4 B# 9 : + (& $ 4 ' " 4;..0..J (!0!$J, " >$*J ( /*J ' *( %; ;7 *(A7"&7N, A6%$7 ) (#( % ; (A7N, A;7N * = * * =1'.0)$J (,!0*., +/#. % 67 G(,A;;N, A;"N " B " 6 ( A7&&%N, A6$$$N / (//.) %; (//.)..!4 A%&&N. /(0( = (A77N, A6=7N $! (BH 0* (BH %0".0,J (!0)J $ % "&&', &744F"% 1% 3D '9%+CA 37"6 " *' C! B! >-(((?! >0(,.) (?!!A D ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 55 of 109
57 B' B' 'B /! ' (' BBB '0) %4 4 3' ( B ' BBC B! ' BB B '0)0$ =9=: -( B (( '( - # %7 >(((-#?/! B(,('B B ( B ( " %$$$>-(+ C&&6?-(!'! B 1B&&&-( B'(! L+. C( #>- )?C(.!4 >-?3 >*B? -( ' ' O 2 %7 (( '( -#>(((-#?#! ' (/ K %$%( -! %$; $>? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 56 of 109
58 '0)0 9: (( (/! %$$=! ' ' ' >((+ C&&;?/ %&&N(! (# -(C(( B(,( B (! ( +3!'C -(C (( B! B / B / DB! ' B '0)0' (BH9: 0(,.) 5 ' ' %6 %"!( >0(,.)+ C&&;?0(>! 0(,.)F B B! B?C '!C C ' ' ' ' C C C C 0C! '( 0(! B(,('B B B (1B&&&>0(,.)+ C&&7? /! B B! ( ( C 0(,.) (!! ( 5O.!4-0(,.) -(((! '' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 57 of 109
59 '0)0)0 494: (( (! '%7&B B!H '! '%C6&&> C '?'7& 5 +C C 0 C C - ) (( %$";! O' (/ B ( B C! C (( DB! B (/&&6((! OB 0 K B (B' '# C (( ' B '! 8! C!! '0* B B! D B ' D ';! B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 58 of 109
60 #,414 4 BH4 -( (( 0( (( 14 B0 >0?! ;&N B0! 0 '=&N # 0!! 0 77N B! '$&N ;''B -(C((C0( (( C -(C (( 0( 0 >0?! 0 ;&NC=&N 77N ', >B?C 6&N -(C&N((67N0(! 2,1+ =?I 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% Loans to SMEs Others 20% 10% 0% UBC CBC EBC ' ' -(C (( 0( B B 0 ' A Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 59 of 109
61 ? 0 '"&N ( B B B >0. + C&&7?? 0''B B B ' D >C &&=? 0( C '';&& 0B B N>0(+ C &&7?? 0 ' *' C B!!B ' >0C&&7? '? 0! ' 'B '' >C &&? '? /! 0(! ' B! 0'! D! >KC&&7? - -(C((0(C(( B / B ; '/ ( '$&N ('BC > 0? 'B >%&N? '! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 60 of 109
62 2"4C % 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% SCBC Loans to Multinational Companies 'B!((F / C (( >B B 'B >0 C&&6? Others? (! 'B >C&&? '0, 4 (! B ( / B 5 F ' B B B! L! C ' 'BC C!B>!?! >? B ' B C!!! B!! ''B BB ( B!BB (! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 61 of 109
63 B C!! / (!>?C ' B B B B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 62 of 109
64 ( )# Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 63 of 109
65 )0$ /! B> >'!!?! 5B B!!! B D ' '!! B!B!! C! 'C BC ' BC 2 B B! '!! B! + B B B B )0 / BC D ' ' ( B 3!'C 'BE F > B (? B I BC B >! B? C B! >((C-(C 0(,.) ( (? > B!?C BB / C B B B!B ' B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 64 of 109
66 !' BD'B! ' B ' B B B /!C B A )0' 4 / '! B! ' BC ' B >!' B?!!! C >?C KC C! B! )0'0$ 4 B 'A ( B!'B 'A/ C! B ' B ' '! ' B 8 C!' B ' B +' D B A*' C '! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 65 of 109
67 D B ' / C! )0'0 1 4 ' B C! A! BC B B >B?! B!! C ' ' C'' # '! B ' ' C! ' C! & " )0) + 8B B B 'C B! '! ' B! B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 66 of 109
68 !! '! *' C D ' '!! " '!! L DB B ' 'B / B )0)0$ A%& >&&7?D ' '! '!! I! '!! / CD ' '! B D ' >G8! C%$"L3GC&&L(GBC &&6L(C&&? / '!! D ' '!B C@ '!!! D ' '! L >? D C >? '! C >? C >'? B '! >( G BC &&6L 'C &&6L C&&7? ' B!A Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 67 of 109
69 2/A%&+ Defining the Research Question Creating an Interview Guide Recruiting Participants Carrying out the interview. : * "0 2 " )0)0$0$ A D ' '! D > F B >(! G (!C %$$"?/ C D! '!!B )0)0$0 %&> D ' '! '!>'C&&6?*' O '! %;! D C ' '!! DB!! %; O '! '!! B!!! C ' C!O!B B ' ' - D! C! D C '!! D +' B! ' BC@C ' D! ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 68 of 109
70 , B '!!B ' '!>? / C '!! C C B!! +27 0I" )0)0$0' + 3' '! >( G BC &&6?/ C '! ' %! B '' 'C( B C B''/ C! B '! ' %&&N F ' '! +2J )0)0$0) %& D ' '!B '! >G8! C%$"? '! B! C '!! ' '+2 F " Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 69 of 109
71 /! ' C! B / C! ' C! '! 'B '!BB! '. B D ' '! ' '!!!B B ' ' '>(GBC&&6? )0)0$0* %& D ' '! A BB! D >3 G C &&? ' '@ ' >3!BC &&&? / C B ' '!C!!! D B '! >' B '!?! B!'B! ' B! B ' '!! ' B )0)0$0, 1 %& ' C D ' '! B DB A Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 70 of 109
72 / '! B >+G+C&&6?A' B! ' 0 B! '' ' /! 'B B '! ' E F B! ' /@ C '! '! '!! '!! B I! ' *' ' B BC!! / C '!'! '!F E F ' K - " )0* 4 ( B B L>?B! >?B! DB Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 71 of 109
73 > '?C Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 72 of 109
74 ( )#!* Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 73 of 109
75 *0$ +& ( B ( '!B B ' /! BBB ' BB(,9 B B '!!! ' D B B D B L? 5( +? < 'D( + C? < 'D( + 0 B! B!! B B. DB' D ' *0 % + #4 BK B '! B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 74 of 109
76 B D B!""D: C ' >?. B' ' B D Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 75 of 109
77 #" % = 4 # $?,5B'!( + B9? B / B9?.!( D B B K (?(/ 9 K?0 ( 9 K K?(#'9 K K K K '?' 9 B B '??B ' 9 B B K K?3'B ' 9 K K K K?5/ + + B 9 B B B K '?- D9 B B B '?B ' 9 K K K K '?! 9 K K K C ) ( 9 B B B B?( '! 9 B B K K? B B B K K 9 * 4?0 'B BCC 9 B B K K?/ 0' CC 9 B B B B?3' # H@ 9 B B B B,D 2 "+ * : " Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 76 of 109
78 #/% + #4 BANKS Rate of Implementation of Credit risk Management Principles UBC 42% CBC 42% EBC 74% SCBC 79%,! 6 : F78 G% %" F! '9%+CA DF8 1 6! D!8 ". 7 " 2. + #4 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1 UBC CBC ECOBANK STANDARD CHARTERED, 1% '9%+CA 648 " C B! ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 77 of 109
79 *0 0$ % +$ D ' ' L i) >,? ' B B '! B B >)C&&?L ii) '>'? B B>BC%$$"?L iii).! ' D > C %$$$? ' C, B B '! B ' C B DB ' B B!'! B! ' D 'B!B! ' D B / C!B B ' '! B B ' B O >0 C&&6? C' B! ' D B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 78 of 109
80 *0 0 % + 5' ''B L? F! '!>G3C &&&?? ' '!>#BC &&?? B '! >GC&&? '? ' >C&&&? C 'B! 0(,.)! ( 0 DBB>?!B ' ''! 3!'C ' 'B 8 ' 0 B B ' C B K! B BB Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 79 of 109
81 !! K ' 0(,.) 0C (!! *0 0' +' 5 C > C%$$"?!A 'B ' '! 3!'C ' 'B > ' B? ' / ' B B D BC 'L -(C (( 0(,.), C B ( BB *0 0) % +) 56D D ' B '! 'B B >)C&&L C%$$$L( C%$$"? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 80 of 109
82 B C / '! > D (,(? B C ( 0(,.)!'C ' B B B! *0 0* % +* 5 7! D ' ' B L? 0 ' 'B BC C > C&&7?? ( ' F C C >1 C &&7?C? >'BC&&6? 'B BCC 5 >?>? =' '! B 8 C D ' D ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 81 of 109
83 DB *0' A # 4 /(! BC 'D 'D '!'!/!C D B B!. D 'D ' D '! B!> $ G%&%?K A + = 4 >'' $ A? K K K K >'' + ' ('? K K K K - A >(? B B B K,! *** " + * 4 ; *" Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 82 of 109
84 Banks Rate of Employment of Techniques 1 UBC 67% 2 CBC 67% 3 EBC 67% 4 SCBC 100%,! "" 1 * * * * G% % '9%+CA 7 J LD8 1J 448 ". J ", 2" 100% 90% 80% 70% UBC 60% CBC 50% ECOBANK 40% Standard Chartered 30% 20% 10% 0% 1. J2 * "0 1 %" *'!'C B!! D Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 83 of 109
85 *0'0$ D 'B C! L? >''?C? >'' ''? 0 B!A *0'0$0$ 4! *'! B ' ' ' B C ' '' >( C&&;L &&=? ' C '!C B '!D B!C D C CC / ' C B '!'! DB / C BF ' B DB '!!B!! >G3!C&&7? Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 84 of 109
86 . ' 0C B 0!B B BC 0 '!B BC C B! ' ' /@ C 'O > B&&;?*' 0 B BC '' 0! >BC &&;?3!'C B 0C BB C DB / C B '! / C B B' C '!BC KC BC' ' ' ' >?! >?/! B 0 DB ' ' D %%! B '' B Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 85 of 109
87 2$$4+ #4 4. G% % '9%+CA 1 % " UBC CBC ECOBANK Standard Chartered *0'0$0 Collection of reliable information - E.g. Salaries, bank accounts, insurance, etc for personal loans - Income statements, assets and liabilities and an evaluation of future business prospects, for business loans - Use of personal judgements in the case of personal loans - Carrying out due diligence in the case of business loans - Assessing the value of collaterals $' '' B /((C-(0(,.)C + +' B B!!BB! B B DB!!. + '! B' / ( C ( ( >((?! B '! B! BFB Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 86 of 109
88 B! %! B B A 2$ + #4. 7 " UBC CBC ECOBANK Standard Chartered *0'0 A@ Writing provisions (restrictive covenants) in loan contracts that restrict borrowers from engaging in risky activities after loan is granted - Use of Account Relationship Managers to monitor activities of borrowers once a loan is granted in the case of UBC, CBC and ECOBANK - Credit Control Department has responsibility of monitoring once the loan is granted in the case of Standard Chartered Bank $ BC B ( ( B B BD ' D! ( B D 'D ' *' >? >? B DB C!! ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 87 of 109
89 *0) % (1+ 4! ' B!! C B D 'D ' D M ' ' #$$ % (1+ % (?!!": UBC 42% 67% Greater than 20% CBC 42% 67% Greater than 20% EBC 74% 67% Less than 20% SCBC 79% 100% Less than 15 %, * < " I < " C!! D@ '!B DDB ( (! D! ' ' '! D Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 88 of 109
90 8 C / B *0* %1 + B B 0! F C B B C B C D /!!B 'B(,( K (,(D /! C! BB BC!! B B! D B (,( C ' B B>?!! ' 'B >? *0, 4 ( 7 BK ( (!L >? 5( +! %$B C>? D '! B C >? D '! D B B!! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 89 of 109
91 D Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 90 of 109
92 + ) Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 91 of 109
93 ,0$ +& B' ' B D D K B '!B' B' ' B B! B B D ' D ' D ' B '( L >? D >? ' C>? B + 3!'C C B,0 1 4 BB' A BCB %& (B! B B B BB BC B B ' B D ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 92 of 109
94 B BC ' (! O '> ' B'?C B ' 3!'C B! B!!,0' + B ( B D!B ' K B '! '! B D B ' >B'? >B B D? 3!'C B D ''! B D ' ( BC ' ( B ( BC DB '! B D B! B! DB ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 93 of 109
95 ('BC B! B B! L ' M! B ' B F 'B BC B 'B ' B+ B ' I! 3!'C ' ' 'B B >5+?,0)! 'C A BC' ' C >B? ' 6N ' B ' '! LB ' C BC ' 0 C D! '' +! 0 B ' Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 94 of 109
96 B B 'B! 'B B '! ' B B D ' D B 3!'C ' B 0 ' C B BC' B C B. B 'B C DB' B B BC'! B B! ' '!> C&&=?C! ' ' ( K / ( ' (! B D B 'B BC B / B B ' / C! C! D B B C B B '! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 95 of 109
97 >?D D! >D B?,0* 2 /B BC BC B!! D B!! B + B ' B ' BC ' '! >?C B B C! BB' ' BC B ' B ' D B *' B ' ' D ' C!! Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 96 of 109
98 % Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 97 of 109
99 13G.>%$"7??? 5 3 >%$$=? 1*>. 1 & ' 8 5 0>&&7?$ $(C2 + BT( + ( U&&;G )G3!5*>&&7?, %.( ',2 0 C5 I / >/?T5( + U 1B%$$$ ( '%$$$ (G#!5T + (U%01M$O &&! T + A 8 3 # 9U 7 A&& G8! 5>%$"?& (1 $& 18BG (T/ (U &&7 (*G)AT /'BA# C5B 9U+= % & ' "!!L" ( 1 >%$$"? $", 2 I. 8B ( >&&;?A0 %-5 3/ ( ( G B * >&&6? ' I M 9 $#5 ( T/' ( +A 0 - # U+' &&6 ( G5+T ''( A0' 0 U0.= O1&&7 (G5 3>&&&?+$+8B (B>&&&?$% 0 *!O3 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 98 of 109
100 (+>&&?$= (! 1 G(! 18 >%$$"? M 0* $&( +., "5 ( >%$$$? T ( + 0 A B! U!!!" '5>&&?A. $= 0!0 5 1>%$$"?+ $+$9? ' +>&&?$ %+ 8B 5 &&6? 1 ( 0 -)! 5 B(>&&?0 ' 0,@-' B 5 ) G )1 >&&? $( -5 -' B5 8 T + 0*! U 1 ' "J 744 " 0(U#D B ( U% 2 %%C&&7 0 +T+'! (U, 2""C&&6 KK >&&?..0 " 0 50 # >&&&?$0' (T (U% 2%7&C&&= B5T'! ( &&;G 3>&&7? %18B 3!B 8 >&&&? & * $ &(. + C0 3 5 T 8 U, +1"56$O;7C%$$ AII!!! I I I&&;N&N&+ Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 99 of 109
101 AII!!!I N& AII!!!!I&&=I&;I BOO V AII!!! III%WWW AII!!!O I9R%GR 3G>&&?,M$5 # 5 1 5T/ + BUG 1 5G58T. ( + A 0 BC B, ( B U. 1 $.' %$$$ 1 5 T( + U.1$A1%$$$ 1 T5 #C( / C/ U.12>?C, &&;C;;O"7 1 >&&7?+ 8B ) >&&? $(., 0' #B(>&&?( 1 + % 0 B/ # + >&&?,. & & " / 5 + T( + 5 ( U -&& B0>%$$"?$ (&+ # 55 ( * >&&=?,? 0 M $? 5 1# T8 F 5 ( 9U. $ % " G5 1>&&6?1 & (. 8 5 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 100 of 109
102 >&&;?A,'." 0-50 / TB / (A 'CU +* 3C C.. " (A-' B(5C%$$%C;$O%&" >&&&?$%00"+.3AT' '0U+.$ ":7447". BC/ G 8 >&&? I ' & ' 8 5.K 1 T ' 0U 0 I C%$$", ) >%$$$? 0 $ ( + "+, ) >&&? ( $ & " + + +*>&&?$+**!O35 +3G+/>&&6?M0 0 5 G#>&&?$(C+ N $ 0 8B G( >&&;? *!3/ 0 ( >&&7?M$#5 'B >&&6?, 1 5 I $"% 0 *!O3 * >&&7? M $( >%$$$?A$ % 0 + '>&&6?M$5 0.+ C&&7 ) G 2 * >%$$=? % 1 &?+"8 5 K# T (U, &&7 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 101 of 109
103 3U / (U1B&&=. T + B ' 0U 7446" G G4*T5 - (A U.1$1&& 2 >&&;? $' &( $ = %"-C,@-' B5 8G T+ U.9-2C && 8*G33>%$$6?C (B5 8 >%$$=?. & ",$.0 "8 5 4+)>&&&?+ 1$ 0 5 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 102 of 109
104 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 103 of 109
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ource: Caprio & Klingebiel 1996 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 104 of 109
106 ++B%F %&> % 8 B B9 8 B9 B'>? B9. 8 B >? B9. 8 B! B9 6 B 9. 3!9 7 B >? B' >'?9. 3!9 ; B 9. 3! 9 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 105 of 109
107 9 = 8D ' B 9 +# 5 " 8D ' B9 $ 3! B 9 %& 3!!B B B9 %% 3!B!93!B B! B ' 9 % 3!!BB B 9 % B BD BBD B B9. 3!9 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 106 of 109
108 %6 8 B! B 9 %7 3!' BB 9 %; B'!9 %= 9. K 9 %" /!! B B B9 Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 107 of 109
109 ++B%F'#+ %& + %&? 3 ' -(? 3(? ( B? 3, ((? 3( '? ( +? 3( 0(? ( +? ( + B? 3( ((? 3( (? ( + B I - " Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 108 of 109
110 5)1 + %& + %& %& B M -(?3( '?3( ' %?( + B 7 ((?3, 6 7?3( ' % %?( 0(?3( %7 %?(?( + B ((?3( 7?3( (?( + B 6, ", % 1 %" K - " Marcus Achu Junior Chi Page 109 of 109
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