File I/0. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment

Transcription

1 File I/0 Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment

2 File Descriptors Created and managed by the UNIX kernel. Created using open or creat system call. Used to refer to an open file UNIX System shells associate file descriptor 0 (STDIN_FILENO) with the standard input of a process, file descriptor 1 (STDOUT_FILENO) with the standard output, and file descriptor 2 (STDERR_FILENO) with the standard error.

3 open Function include <fcntl.h> int open(const char *path, int oflag,... /* mode_t mode */ ); int openat(int fd, const char *path, int oflag,... /* mode_t mode */ ); Both return: file descriptor if OK, 1 on error

4 open Function One of the following constants must be specified in flag:

5 The following flags are optional:

6 The following flags are optional:

7 creat Function A new file can also be created by calling the creat function. #include <fcntl.h> int creat(const char *path, mode_t mode); Returns: file descriptor opened for write-only if OK, 1 on error Function equivalent to: open(path, O_WRONLY O_CREAT O_TRUNC, mode);

8 close Function An open file is closed by calling the close function. #include <unistd.h> int close(int fd); Returns: 0 if OK, 1 on error Closing a file also releases any record locks that the process may have on the file.

9 lseek function Every open file has an associated current file offset, normally a nonnegative integer that measures the number of bytes from the beginning of the file. By default, this offset is initialized to 0 when a file is opened, unless the O_APPEND option is specified. An open file s offset can be set explicitly by calling lseek.

10 lseek function #include <unistd.h> off_t lseek(int fd, off_t offset, int whence); Returns: new file offset if OK, 1 on error The interpretation of the offset depends on the value of the whence argument. If whence is SEEK_SET, the file s offset is set to offset bytes from the beginning of the file. If whence is SEEK_CUR, the file s offset is set to its current value plus the offset. The offset can be positive or negative. If whence is SEEK_END, the file s offset is set to the size of the file plus the offset. The offset can be positive or negative.

11 read Function Data is read from an open file with the read function. #include <unistd.h> ssize_t read(int fd, void *buf, size_t nbytes); Returns: number of bytes read, 0 if end of file, 1 on error

12 write Function Data is written to an open file with the write function. #include <unistd.h> ssize_t write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t nbytes); Returns: number of bytes written if OK, 1 on error

13 dup an dup2 functions An existing file descriptor is duplicated by either of the following functions: #include <unistd.h> int dup(int fd); int dup2(int fd, int fd2); Both return: new file descriptor if OK, 1 on error The new file descriptor returned by dup is guaranteed to be the lowestnumbered available file descriptor. With dup2, we specify the value of the new descriptor with the fd2 argument. If fd2 is already open, it is first closed.

14 dup an dup2 functions

15 fcntl function The fcntl function can change the properties of a file that is already open. #include <fcntl.h> int fcntl(int fd, int cmd,... /* int arg */ ); Returns: depends on cmd if OK (see following), 1 on error The fcntl function is used for five different purposes. Duplicate an existing descriptor (cmd = F_DUPFD or F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC) Get/set file descriptor flags (cmd = F_GETFD or F_SETFD) Get/set file status flags (cmd = F_GETFL or F_SETFL) Get/set asynchronous I/O ownership (cmd = F_GETOWN or F_SETOWN) Get/set record locks (cmd = F_GETLK, F_SETLK, or F_SETLKW)

16 ioctl Function Anything that cannot be expressed using one of the previously covered functions are specified with an ioctl. Terminal I/O was the biggest user of this function. #include <unistd.h> /* System V */ #include <sys/ioctl.h> /* BSD and Linux */ int ioctl(int fd, int request,...); Returns: 1 on error, something else if OK

17 ioctl Function Each device driver can define its own set of ioctl commands.

18 Programs Write a program read from standard input and write to standard output #include <unistd.h> #include<fcntl.h> #define BUFFSIZE 4096 int main(void) { int n; char buf[buffsize]; while ((n = read(stdin_fileno, buf, BUFFSIZE)) > 0) if (write(stdout_fileno, buf, n)!= n) err_sys("write error"); if (n < 0) err_sys("read error"); exit(0); }

19 Similarly write a program WAP read from file and write to standard output WAP read from STD input and write to file WAP read from one file write to another file Emulate copy command Write hole program WAP check whether file is capable of seeking or not. WAP output redirection using dup2 WAP create duplicate descriptor using fcntl function WAP to print the flag for specified descriptor.