204111: Computer and Programming
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1 204111: Computer and Programming Week 4: Control Structures t Monchai Sopitkamon, Ph.D. Overview Types of control structures Using selection structure Using repetition structure
2 Types of control ol structures C# provides 8 types of control structures one sequence structure statements are executed one after the other in the order they appear in the program. three selection structure statement(s) is/are executed if a condition is true or skipped if the condition is false. E.g., if, if/else, switch four repetition i structure statement(s) ()i/ is/are executed over and over again (loops) until or while a specific condition is satisfied. E.g., while, do/while, for, foreach. Selection Structures if (single-selection structure) if/else (double-selection structure) switch (multiple-selection structure)
3 IF if (condition) statement; Selection Structure IF/ELSE if (condition) statement1; else statement2; condition True statement False condition True False statement1 statement2 Selection Structure switch (multiple-selection structure) syntax: switch (<expression>) { case <constant-expression>: required <statements>; break; optional default: <statements>; break; <constant-expression> must be integral or string type.
4 Switch statement switch (<expression>) { case <constant-expression>: <statements>; break; default: <statements>; break; <expression> is evaluated. Result is compared to each case, sequentially. If a match is found, the statements after the case keyword are executed. If no match is found, the (optional) default case takes effect. break; is required after each block, since C# does not support an explicit fall-through from one case label to another. However, it is allowed to stack case labels to specify that certain statements are to be executed for several cases. Switch example - Simple Calculator l double a, b; char op; double sol=0; a = double.parse(console.readline()); op = char.parse(console.readline()); b = double.parse(console.readline()); l d switch(op) { case "+": sol = a+b; break; case "-": sol = a-b; break; case "*": sol = a*b; break; case "/": sol = a/b; break; Console.WriteLine("{0 {1 {2 = {3", a, op, b, sol); If we want 'x' to be another multiplicative operator as well, we can insert a line as follows: case "*": case "x": sol = a*b; break; A fallthrough case example
5 do/while : Syntax do { ; ; e t ; while (condition); true condition could be boolean constant, boolean variable, or boolean expression false do/while : Example Output: Hello World Hello World Output: 3
6 do/while : Operation Do/while statement is a conditional iteration statements The loop body of a do/while statement will be executed first before the exit condition is checked Do/while loop is also called post-conditional because the condition is checked after the loop body A do/while statement always gets executed at least once do/while statement: Example1 int n = 0; do { Console.Write( {0, n); n++; while (n <5); Output: False (n = 0) write n n++ (n < 5)? True
7 do/while statement: Example2 bool flag = true; (flag = true) string s; int n; do { read n s=console.readline(); (n > 0)? n=int.parse(s); true if (n > 0) write n Console.Write( Write( {0, n); false else flag = false; (flag==false)? while (flag == true); true false set flag = false While : Syntax could be boolean constant, boolean variable, or boolean expression while (condition ) { ; tement ; ; condition true false
8 While : Example Output: Hello World Hello World Output: 1 While t t : Operation Since the condition is checked before the execution of the loop body, a while loop is also called pre-conditional. As long as the entry condition remains true, the while loop will keep repeating. No loop will be executed if the entry condition is false from the beginning.
9 While : Example1 (n=0) int n = 0; while (n <= 5) { Console.Write( {0, n); n++; (n <= 5)? True write n n++ False Output: While : Example2 bool flag = true; string s; int n; while (flag==true) { s=console.readline(); n=int.parse(s); if (n > 0) Console.Write(n) else flag = false; ase; False flag == true true read n False (n > 0)? True Write n flag = false
10 Template: Sentinel-Controlled t ll Loops Read the first value of input variable while (input variable is not equal to sentinel) {... Read next value of input variable Sentinel-Controlled t ll Loops Example: Accumulating exam scores Steps 1.Initialize total to 0 2.Read the first value and assign it to score 3.While score is not the sentinel (e.g. -1) do 3.1 Add score to total 3.2 Read the next value and assign it to score
11 Sentinel-Controlled t ll Loops Use of Sentinel A sentinel lis a value used to control the termination of a loop. E.g. User can choose to use 1 as the sentinel value to terminate the iteration. int total =0, score; Console.Write("Enter score (-1 to end): "); score=int.parse((console.readline()); while (score!= -1) { total := total + score; Console.Write("Enter score (-1 to end): "); score=int.parse((console.readline()); Sentinel-Controlled t ll Loop: Example1
12 Loops Controlled by Boolean Flags Flag: A Boolean variable whose value is changed from False to True when a particular event occurs Boolean Flags Template: Initialize flag to false while (flag is still False) {... Reset flag to True if event being monitored occurs Loops Controlled by Flags : Example A program that checks whether the input charater is adigit it between 0-9. bool DigitRead = false; while (!DigitRead) { Console.Write ( Please enter a numeric : "); string ti st = Console.ReadLine(); char NextChar = Char.Parse(st); DigitRead=(('0'<=NextChar)&& (NextChar<='9'))
13 For : Syntax for( [initializers] ; [condition] ; [iterators] ) { statement; statement; statement; it terato ors Intializers condition true false initializers For : Syntax A comma separated list of expressions or assignment statements to initialize the loop counters. expression An expression that can be implicitly converted to bool or a type that contains overloading of the true and false operators. The expression is used to test the loop-termination criteria. iterators Expression statement(s) to increment or decrement Expression statement(s) to increment or decrement the loop counters.
14 For : Operation The for statement executes the statement repeatedly as follows: First, the initializers are evaluated. Then, while the expression evaluates to true, the statement(s) are executed and the iterators are evaluated. When the expression becomes false, control is transferred outside of the loop. For : Example1 public class ForLoopTest { Output public static void Main() 1 { 2 for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++){ 3 Console.WriteLine( {0, 4 i); 5
15 For : Example2 Output A Z alphabets on the screen using only one WriteLine() statement. A B... Z For : Example3 Write a program that finds a summation of a sequence of numbers from 1-99 and show the result = 4950
16 do/while vs. while do/while statement t t while statement t t condition true false true condition false while vs. for while statement t t for statement t t condition true t t false it terato ors Intializers condition true false
17 Nested Loops A nested loop is formed by placing an inner loop inside an outer loop. The outer loop is executed first. If the inner loop is reached, the outer loop is suspended and the inner loop is executed. After the inner loop is terminated, the program continues to execute the remaining statement(s) in the outer loop Nested Loops : Example Nested for loops Do not use the same control variable in the outer loop as in the inner loop for (int outer = 1; outer <= 4; outer++) { for (int inner = 1; inner <=5; inner++) { Console.WriteLine("Outer = {0 & Inner = {1", outer, inner);
18 Nested Loops : Example Nested while loops int outer = 1; while (outer <= 4) { int inner = 1 ; while (inner <= 5) { Console.WriteLine("Outer = {0 & Inner = {1", outer, inner); inner = inner +1; outer = outer +1; Nested Loops : Example Nested do/while loops int outer = 1; do { int inner = 1; do { Console.WriteLine("Outer = {0 & Inner = {1", outer, inner); inner++; while (inner < 6); outer++; while (outer < 5);
19 Infinite looping No statements in the loop body can update the value of the entry condition. (E.g. omit counter = counter +1) The statement(s) in the loop body make(s) the variable become far away from the stopping condition. (E.g. counter = counter 1) Break The break statement terminates the closest enclosing loop or switch statement in which it appears Control is passed to the statement that f ll th t i t d t t t follows the terminated statement
20 Break : Example class Program { public static void Main(string[] args) { int sum=0, num=1, count=1; while (num > 0) 1 1 { 2 3 sum += num; 3 6 if (count > 5) 4 10 break; 5 15 Console.WriteLine(num+"\t"+sum); num++; count++; Continue The continue statement passes control to the next iteration of the enclosing iteration statement in which it appears.
21 Continue : Example class Program { public static void Main(string[] args) { int sum=0, i=0; do { i++; if ((i%2) == 0) continue; sum += i; Console.WriteLine(i+"\t"+sum); while (i < 10); Continue : Example
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