ENGI 1020 Introduction to Computer Programming J U L Y 5, R E Z A S H A H I D I

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1 ENGI 1020 Introduction to Computer Programming J U L Y 5, R E Z A S H A H I D I

2 Passing by value Recall that it is possible to call functions with variable names different than the parameters in the function declaration. In the cases we have seen so far, we pass parameters to functions by value. This means that a copy of the values is made when the function is called, and all calculations done with the copies of the values, and not the variables that were used to call the functions.

3 Passing by value Recall earlier in the term, we talked about the bin/drawer model of data. We now repeat this discussion, and apply the ideas to passing function parameters. The bin/drawer model is an informal way of representing the stack, which you can see in the Teaching Machine.

4 The bin/drawer model of data One can think of variables as containing data in bins or drawers. 1 2 tmp deg These bins/drawers are numbered (with addresses in memory), and have a name (the programmer gives them) 3 var

5 Passing by value When we call a function, the program actually makes copies of the variables being passed as parameters to the function, and the function operates on these copies. This is like making a new chest of drawers with the same variables and values.

6 Swap example in Lecture Notes x1 arg1 1 3 x2 arg2 2 4

7 Swap example in Notes (after call to intswap) x1 arg2 1 3 x2 arg1 2 4 x1 and x2 don t change!

8 Pass-by-reference Instead, we can pass the address of variables, e.g. x1 and x2, and then modify the contents of the variables directly. The unary & operator in a parameter list means that we pass in a reference to the parameter. This is like the number on the drawer. We can change the value of the variable by just using its name without the &. This will change the variable s value in the calling function too! If we make a copy of the number of the drawer, and pass it in to a function, we still refer to the same drawer. &var is a reference to the variable with name var.

9 Pass by reference for multiple function returns Usually we can only return one value from a function, and its type is given by the return type of the function. E.g. from midterm: Suppose we also wanted to return a boolean value saying if the year is in the past or the future given the current year. This is impossible with the current setup. We could add an additional parameter passed by reference to return this value. bool isleapyear(int year, int presentyear, int &pastpresentorfuture);

10 Leap Year example (assume iostream included and standard library used) const int PAST=-1; const int PRESENT=0; const int FUTURE=1; void main() { int presentyear = 2010, year = -1; int pastpresentorfuture; while (year < 0) { cout << Input a year to determine if it will be a leap year: cin >> year; } bool leapyear = isleapyear(year, presentyear, pastpresentorfuture); cout << The year << year << ; if (pastpresentorfuture == PAST) { cout << was ; if (!leapyear) cout << not ; } else if (pastpresentorfuture == PRESENT) { cout << is ; if (!leapyear) cout << not ; else { cout << will ; if (!leapyear) cout << not ; cout << be ; } cout << a leap year. ; }

11 Leap Year Example with Pass-by-Reference bool isleapyear(int year, int presentyear, int &pastpresentorfuture) { if (year < presentyear) pastpresentorfuture = PAST; if (year == presentyear) pastpresentorfuture = PRESENT; if (year > presentyear) pastpresentorfuture = FUTURE; } if ((year % 100) == 0) && (year % 400)!= 0)) return false ; if ((year % 4) == 0) return true; else return false;

12 Leap Year Example (Pass by Reference) In the previous example, we could have done the calculation for past, present or future in the main function. This example was meant however to make the point that sometimes we wish to have more than one return value for a function. Instead of past, present or future, we could have calculated if 4 years from now would be a leap year or not.

13 Calling functions with references as parameter We cannot call a function which has a reference as a parameter with a literal. We must call them with variables. This is because we don t want to change the values of literals they are in effect constants which shouldn t be changed by the function. They also don t have a name to refer to them afterwards. See topolar example in Lecture Notes.

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