COMPILER DESIGN

Transcription

1 Code No: RT31051 R13 SET - 1 COMPILER DESIGN (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) Define preprocessor. What are the functions of pre-processor? [4M] b) Discuss about the Syntax Error Handling. [4M] c) Differentiate between shift-reduce and Operator Precedence Parsers. [4M] d) What are the benefits of intermediate code generation? [3M] e) What are the various attributes of a Symbol Table? [3M] f) Mention the issues to be considered while applying the techniques for code [4M] optimization. PART -B 2 a) Write a regular expression for identifiers and reserved words. Design the [4M] transition diagrams for them. b) Explain the three general approaches for the implementation of a Lexical analyzer. c) Compare compiler and interpreter with suitable diagrams. [4M] 3 a) Why lexical and syntax analyzer are separated out? [3M] b) Construct the predictive parser for the following grammar S -> (L) a L ->L,S S c) Give the classification of parsing techniques and briefly explain each. [5M] 4 a) Parse the input string int id,id; using shift-reduce parser for the grammar S -> TL; T -> int float L -> L,id id b) Write the steps for the efficient construction of LALR parsing table. Explain with an example. 5 a) Translate the assignment x := A[y,z] into three address statement. b) Define Type Checker. Write down the specification of a simple Type Checker. 6 a) How symbol table can be managed? Explain. b) Discuss storage allocation for block structured languages. 7 a) Explain in detail about inter procedural optimization with an example. b) Discuss in detail the role of dead code elimination and strength reduction during code optimization of a compiler.

2 Code No: RT31051 R13 SET - 2 COMPILER DESIGN (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) Briefly describe about the Lexical errors. [3M] b) What are the functions used to create the nodes of syntax trees? [4M] c) What are the three techniques for constructing LR parsing table? [4M] d) Discuss the evaluation of semantic rules. [4M] e) List the characteristics of peephole optimization. [4M] f) Give the criteria for achieving machine independent code optimization. [3M] PART -B 2 a) Write regular expressions for the set of words having a,e,i,o,u appearing in that [4M] order, although not necessarily consecutively. b) Construct NFA equivalent to regular expression r= (a + b) * ab. c) Give general format for LEX program. [4M] 3 a) Show that the grammar S -> 0S1 SS ϵ is ambiguous. [3M] b) Explain the Non-Recursive predictive parsing with an example. c) What are the limitations of recursive descent parser? [5M] 4 a) Write the steps for the construction of CLR parsing table. b) Explain the compaction of LR parsing tables with an example. 5 a) Write the quadruple, triple, indirect triple for the expression -(a*b) + (c+d)-(a+b+c+d) b) Write an algorithm for constructing the dependency graph for a given parse tree. 6 a) Construct basic blocks, data flow graph and identify loop invariant statements for the following: for (i=1 to n) { j=1; while (j<=n) { A=B*C/D; j=j+1; } } 1 of 2

3 Code No: RT31051 R13 SET - 2 b) Explain how an activation record is related with runtime storage organization. 7 a) Explain in detail about the instruction scheduling with an example. b) What are the principle sources of optimization? Give the classification of code optimization. 2 of 2

4 Code No: RT31051 R13 SET - 3 COMPILER DESIGN (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) Write a LEX program to identify comments in the program. [4M] b) Consider the CFG S -> SS+ SS* a. Derive the string aa+a* from the given [5M] CFG and construct a parse tree for this string. c) Differentiate between LR and LL Parsers. [3M] d) What are the different types of three address statements? [3M] e) Compare deep access and shallow access. [3M] f) List the properties of optimizing compilers. [4M] PART -B 2 a) State the reasons for separating Lexical analysis and Syntax analysis [4M] b) Describe the lexical errors and various error recovery strategies with suitable examples. c) Write a regular expression for relation operators. Design a transition diagram for them. [4M] 3 a) What is left recursion and left factoring? [3M] b) Verify whether the following grammar is LL(1) or not? E E + T T T T* F / F F (F) a b. c) Discuss about error recovery strategies in predictive parsing. [5M] 4 a) Construct the collection of LR(0) item sets and draw the goto graph for the grammar S -> S S a ϵ. Indicate the conflicts (if any) in the various states of the SLR parser. b) Explain the process of handling Dangling-ELSE ambiguity. 5 a) Construct the syntax tree and postfix notation for the expression (a+ (b*c)) d-e / (f+g). b) Explain in detail how an L-attributed grammar can be converted into a translation scheme. 6 a) Discuss in detail about the Reference counting garbage collectors. b) Explain reducible and non-reducible flow graphs with an example. 7 a) Explain the role of semantic preserving transformations and dominators in code optimization. b) Explain with suitable example various sources of loop optimization.

5 Code No: RT31051 R13 SET - 4 COMPILER DESIGN (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) Write the regular expression for the language accepting the strings which are [4M] starting with 1 and ending with 0, over the set = {0,1}. b) What are the goals of error handler in a parser? [4M] c) List the properties of LR parser. [4M] d) Write the need the Semantic analysis. [3M] e) Describe the structure of entries in symbol table. [4M] f) Compare local optimization with global optimization. [3M] PART -B 2 a) Draw a block diagram of phases of a compiler and indicate the main functions of each phase. b) Define lexeme, token and pattern. Identify the lexemes that make up the tokens in the following program segment. Indicate corresponding token and pattern. void swap(int i, int j) { int t; t=i; i=j; j=t; } 3 a) What is an LL(1) grammar? When the grammar is said to be LL(1) grammar? [3M] b) Design a non-recursive predictive parser for the following grammar. S -> AaAb BbBb A -> e B -> e c) Discuss how Brute-Force approach operates in top down parsing. [5M] 4 a) Draw the structure of LR parser. [3M] b) Compute closure(i) and goto(i) for the grammar S -> Aa bac Bc bba A -> d B -> d c) Compare bottom up approaches of parsing with all top down approaches. [5M] 1 of 2

6 Code No: RT31051 R13 SET a) Construct the syntax tree and draw the DAG for the expression (a*b) + (c-d) * (a*b) + b. b) Write Syntax directed definition for constructing syntax tree of an expression derived from the grammar E -> E + T E T T T -> (E) id num 6 a) What is Peephole optimization? Explain its characteristics. b) Explain with an example optimization of Basic blocks. 7 a) Discuss how copy propagation can be done using data flow equation. b) Explain in detail the procedure that eliminates global common sub-expression. 2 of 2

7 Code No: RT31052 R13 SET - 1 III B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November DATA COMMUNICATION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) Mention the standard organizations for data communications. [3M] b) What are the characteristics of Electromagnetic waves? [4M] c) Write a short note on the four predominant methods of Pulse Modulation. [4M] d) Define Electromagnetic Radiation. Write the mathematical representation of [3M] power density. e) Write a short note on Multi Frequency and Dial Pulses. [4M] f) What is Redundancy? Write about Character and Message Redundancy. [4M] PART B 2 a) What is meant by Network Topology? Draw and explain the structure of all Multipoint Topologies. b) What is Electrical noise? Write in brief the most prevalent types of Electrical noise. 3 a) Explain in detail about the single-mode and multi-mode step-index optical [10M] fiber. b) What are the advantages of optical fiber cables? [6M] 4 a) What is Time-Division Multiplexing? Explain with block diagram. b) Draw and explain Single-Channel, Simplex PCM transmission system. 5 a) What are Microwaves? What are the advantages and disadvantages of Microwave Radio Communications? b) Explain the terms: (i) Satellite Elevation categories. (ii) Satellite orbits and orbital patterns. [3M] [5M] 6 a) Explain in detail about First Generation Analog Cellular Telephone system. [10M] b) Draw and explain the GSM system Architecture. [6M] 7 a) Classify and explain Data Communication Character Codes. b) Explain Voice-Band Modem with block diagram.

8 Code No: RT31052 R13 SET - 2 DATA COMMUNICATION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) Write a short note on layered network architecture. [3M] b) List out the advantages of Optical Fiber cables. [4M] c) Write about Linear versus Non-linear PCM codes. [4M] d) What is meant by Diffraction? [3M] e) Define FDMA and write about AMPS identification codes. [4M] f) What are DSU and CSU? [4M] PART B 2 a) Depicting the organization of layers, Explain the open system interconnection [10M] model. b) Explain Amplitude Modulation with a neat sketch. [6M] 3 a) Write a brief note on the predominant losses in optical fiber cables. [10M] b) Explain how optical fiber is constructed with a diagram. [6M] 4 a) What is Digital Line Encoding? Explain any four factors that should be considered when selecting Line Encoding format. b) What is COMPANDING? Write about ANALOG COMPANDING. 5 a) Write a detailed note on Satellite Multiple-Accessing arrangements. b) Define and explain Free-Space path loss and Skip Distance. 6 a) What is CDMA? Explain in Detail. [10M] b) Write a brief note on GSM Services. [6M] 7 a) Classify and explain Bar Codes. b) Explain about Asynchronous Voice-Band Modems with a neat Sketch.

9 Code No: RT31052 R13 SET - 3 III B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November DATA COMMUNICATION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) Write in brief about Serial and Parallel Data Transmission. [4M] b) List out the disadvantages of optical fiber. [3M] c) What is PCM Line speed? Represent it mathematically. [4M] d) What is skip distance? [3M] e) What are N-AMPS? [4M] f) Write about the classification of Voice-Band Modem. [4M] PART B 2 a) Explain in detail about the TCP/IP protocol suite. b) Explain Digital Modulation with the help of a simplified block diagram. 3 a) Explain how light propagate through optical fiber. b) Explain the characteristics of Electromagnetic waves. 4 a) Explain in detail about Frequency Division Multiplexing. b) Discuss about DIGITAL COMPANDING. 5 a) Write in detail about the optical properties of Radio Waves. [10M] b) Explain about Ground Wave and Space Wave Propagation. [6M] 6 a) Describe Time-Division Multiple Accessing. b) Explain about AMPS identification codes. 7 a) What is meant by Redundancy Checking? Explain four basic types of [10M] Redundancy Checks. b) Write a detailed note on Synchronous Voice Band Modem. [6M]

10 Code No: RT31052 R13 SET - 4 III B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November DATA COMMUNICATION ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) What is a network topology? Classify different network topologies. [3M] b) Write about the modes of propagation of light through optical fiber. [4M] c) What is Multiplexing? Define Time Division Multiplexing. [4M] d) What are the advantages of Microwave Radio Communication? [4M] e) Write in brief about Random and Broadcast control channels. [4M] f) List the Modem operational modes. [3M] PART B 2 a) Discuss in detail about Peer-to-Peer and Dedicated Client/Server networks. [10M] b) Define Information Capacity and explain about M-ary Encoding. [6M] 3 a) Draw and explain the optical fiber communication system. b) List out the advantages and disadvantages of optical fiber transmission. 4 a) Write a detailed note on Wavelength Division Multiplexing. b) For a 20-channel PCM/TDM system with an 8-KHz sample rate, 10 bits per sample and one framing bit per frame, determine the Line speed. [4M] c) Write a short note on SONET. [4M] 5 a) Draw the block diagram of Simplex Microwave Radio Link and explain it b) Discuss about Geosynchronous satellites 6 a) Explain about Basic Telephone Call Procedures. b) Write about the functions of the Telephone Set in detail 7 a) Write a detailed note on Retransmission and Forward Error Correction. b) What is the significance of Modem Equalizer in Modem Synchronization?

11 Code No: RT31054 R13 SET - 1 III B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) What is DBA? Mention the functionalities of DBA. [3M] b) What is a view? Explain it. [4M] c) Describe the properties of a relation. [4M] d) What is Functional Dependency? Explain it briefly. [4M] e) Illustrate lost update problem with suitable example. [4M] f) What is the purpose of file header? [3M] PART B 2 a) Draw and explain the detailed system architecture of DBMS. b) What are the advantages of DBMS? [4M] c) Describe the concept of client/server model. [4M] 3 a) Explain in detail about various key constraints used in database system. [10M] b) Explain the importance of Null values in Relational Model. [6M] 4 a) Discuss the mechanism of attribute relationship inheritance. How is it useful? b) By considering an example describe various data update operations in SQL. 5 a) Explain insertion, deletion and modification anomalies with suitable examples. b) State BCNF. How does it differ from 3NF? 6 a) Draw transaction state diagram and describe each state that a transaction goes through during its execution. b) Explain in detail about timestamp based concurrency control techniques. 7 a) Explain in detail about internal hashing Techniques. b) Discuss in detail about cluster and Multilevel indexes.

12 Code No: RT31054 R13 SET - 2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) List different types of database users. [4M] b) Mention various DML operations with examples. [4M] c) Explain the difference among Entity, Entity Type & Entity Set [4M] d) Briefly describe BCNF. [3M] e) Briefly discuss about different types of schedules. [4M] f) List out the operations that can be performed on files. [3M] PART B 2 a) Discuss the main characteristics of the database approach and specify how it differs from traditional file system. b) Explain in detail about the three tier schema architecture of DBMS. 3 a) Describe the concept of Referential Integrity. b) List and explain the common data types available in SQL. 4 a) Differentiate specialization and generalization. b) What is a view? How views are implemented? 5 a) What is meant by the closure of functional dependencies? Illustrate with an [7M] example. b) State 1NF, 2NF & 3NF and explain with examples. [9M] 6 a) Discuss about different types of failures. b) What is 2-phase locking protocol? How does it guarantee serializability? 7 a) Explain in detail about external hashing techniques. b) By considering an example, show how to reduce access time with primary index.

13 Code No: RT31054 R13 SET - 3 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) List out the characteristics of database system. [3M] b) Distinguish between primary and super keys. [4M] c) Specify and explain various structural constraints of relationship type. [4M] d) Mention the desirable properties of relation decomposition. [4M] e) Describe Wait/Die & Wound/Wait protocols. [4M] f) Differentiate between internaland external hashing. [3M] PART B 2 a) Discuss the activities of different database users. b) Briefly describe various architectures of database systems. 3 a) Write a short notes on i) Foreign Key ii) Relation state iii) Database schema. [12M] b) Write and explain the structure of SQL SELECT statement with suitable example. [4M] 4 a) Discuss in detail about the concepts of E-R model with suitable examples. b) What is a group function? List and explain how to use group functions in SQL with appropriate examples. 5 a) State the Armstrong inference rules. Provide suitable examples to describe each. b) Show how to preserve Functional Dependencies during decomposition. 6 a) Why the concurrency control is needed? Explain it. b) Write and explain optimistic concurrency control algorithm. 7 a) When does a collision occur in hashing? Illustrate various collision resolution techniques. b) Describe different methods of defining indexes on multiple keys.

14 Code No: RT31054 R13 SET - 4 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 a) What is Data Independence? Why is it essential? [4M] b) Define Database Schema Explain it with example. [4M] c) Write Syntax of SQL Order By and Group By clauses. [4M] d) Define Surrogate Key. Explain it. [3M] e) Explain WAL protocol. [4M] f) Brief extendible hashing scheme. [3M] PART B 2 a) Compare the database system with conventional file system. b) Describe in detail about two-tier and three-tier client-server architectures. 3 a) Explain the importance of avoiding NULL values in a database. [4M] b) Write short notes on [12M i) DDL ii) DML iii) Database Schema. 4 a) Explain about various constraints used in ER-model. b) Differentiate between independent and correlated nested queries. 5 a) What is normalization? Explain its need. [4M] b) Discuss in detail about various normal forms. [12M 6 a) Write short notes on: i) Phantom Record ii) Repeatable Read iii) Incorrect Summary iv) Dirty Read. b) Describe Wait/Die and Wound/Wait deadlock protocols. 7 a) Discuss in detail about primary file organization. b) By considering relevant example, show insertion and deletion operations on a B-Tree.

15 Code No: RT31055 R13 SET - 1 OPERATING SYSTEMS 1 a) Define Operating System. List the objectives of an operating system. [3M] b) With a neat diagram, explain various states of a process. [4M] c) Give the Peterson s solution to the Critical section problem. [4M] d) Distinguish between Logical and Physical address space. [3M] e) What are the necessary conditions for the occurrence of deadlock? [4M] f) What are the various attributes that are associated with an opened file? [4M] PART B 2 a) With a neat diagram, explain the layered structure of UNIX operating system. b) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using the same system call interface for manipulating both files and devices? 3 a) What is a process? Explain about various fields of Process Control Block. b) What are the advantages of inter-process communication? How communication takes place in a shared-memory environment? Explain. 4 a) What is a Critical Section problem? Give the conditions that a solution to the critical section problem must satisfy. b) What is Dining Philosophers problem? Discuss the solution to Dining philosopher s problem using monitors. 5 a) What is a Virtual Memory? Discuss the benefits of virtual memory technique. b) What is Thrashing? What is the cause of Thrashing? How does the system detect Thrashing? What can the system do to eliminate this problem? 6 a) What is a deadlock? How deadlocks are detected? b) Explain the Resource-Allocation-Graph algorithm for deadlock avoidance. 7 a) Briefly explain about single-level, two-level and Tree-Structured directories. b) Explain and compare the SCAN and C-SCAN disk scheduling algorithms.

16 Code No: RT31055 R13 SET - 2 III B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November OPERATING SYSTEMS 1 a) Explain how multiprogramming increases the utilization of CPU. [3M] b) What are the advantages of inter-process communication? Also explain various [4M] implementations of inter-process communication. c) What is a Semaphore? Also give the operations for accessing semaphores. [4M] d) What is the purpose of Paging and Page tables? [3M] e) What are the various methods for handling deadlocks? [4M] f) Briefly explain the indexed allocation method. [4M] PART -B 2 a) Explain the Dual-Mode operation of an operating system. b) Mention the objectives and functions of Real-Time Embedded systems. 3 a) With a neat sketch, explain the process state diagram. b) What are the criteria for evaluating the CPU scheduling algorithms? Why do we need it? 4 a) What is a semaphore? List the types of semaphores and Show that, if the wait() [10M] and signal() semaphore operations are not executed atomically, then mutual exclusion may be violated. b) Discuss the Bounded-Buffer problem. [6M] 5 a) What is a page fault? Explain the steps involved in handling a page fault with a neat sketch. b) Consider the following page reference string: 1,2,3,4,2,1,5,6,2,1,2,3,7,6,3,2,1,2,3,6 How many page faults would occur for the optimal page replacement algorithm, assuming three frames and all frames are initially empty. 6 a) Write about deadlock conditions and bankers algorithm in detail. [10M] b) Discuss various techniques to recover from the deadlock. [6M] 7 a) Write in detail about file attributes, operations and types and structures. b) Explain in detail about various ways of accessing disk storage.

17 Code No: RT31055 R13 SET - 3 III B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November OPERATING SYSTEMS 1 a) What are the various security issues that arise in multiprogramming and time [3M] shared systems? b) Describe the differences among short-term, medium-term, and long-term [4M] scheduling. c) Briefly explain the Readers-Writers problem. [4M] d) What are the disadvantages of single contiguous memory allocation? [3M] e) Explain the various ways of aborting a process in order to eliminate deadlocks. [4M] f) What is the drawback of Network-attached storage systems? [4M] PART -B 2 a) With a neat sketch, describe the services that an operating system provides to users, processes and other systems. b) Distinguish between client-server and peer-to-peer models of distributed systems. 3 a) Define a Thread? Give the benefits of multithreading. What resources are used when a thread is created? How do they differ from those used when a process is created? b) Explain the Round Robin scheduling algorithm with a suitable example. 4 a) State the Critical Section problem. Illustrate the software based solution to the Critical Section problem. b) How does the signal() operation associated with monitors differ from the corresponding operation defined for semaphores. 5 a) What are the disadvantages of single contiguous memory allocation? Explain. [6M] b) Discuss the hardware support required to support demand paging. 10M 6 a) How does deadlock avoidance differ from deadlock prevention? Write about 10M deadlock avoidance algorithm in detail. b) Is it possible to have a deadlock involving only a single process? Explain. [6M] 7 a) Explain the various methods for free-space management. 10M b) Discuss various issues involved in selecting appropriate disk scheduling [6M] algorithm.

18 Code No: RT31055 R13 SET - 4 III B. Tech I Semester Regular Examinations, November OPERATING SYSTEMS 1 a) Explain the importance of Real-Time Embedded systems. [3M] b) Define Thread. Write the differences between user-level and kernel-level [4M] threads. c) Define Monitor. Explain how it overcomes the drawback of semaphores. [4M] d) Explain how demand paging affects the performance of a computer system. [4M] e) Write about Resource-Allocation graph. [4M] f) Explain the bit vector representation of free space management. [3M] PART -B 2 a) What is a System call? Explain the various types of system calls provided by an operating system. b) What is the purpose of interrupts? What are the differences between a trap and an interrupt? Can traps be generated by a user program? Explain the purpose with an example. 3 a) Distinguish between preemptive and non-preemptive scheduling. Explain each type with an example. b) Describe the actions taken by a thread library to context-switch between userlevel threads. 4 a) What is synchronization? Explain how semaphores can be used to deal with n- process critical section problem. b) Discuss Mutual-exclusion implementation with test and set() instruction. 5 a) Explain the difference between External fragmentation and Internal fragmentation. How to solve the fragmentation problem using paging. b) Discuss various issued related to the allocation of frames to processes. 6 a) Discuss the necessary conditions that cause deadlock situation to occur. b) Discuss various methods for the prevention of deadlocks. 7 a) Explain the Indexed allocation of disk space. b) Explain and compare the FCFS and SSTF disk scheduling algorithms.

19 Code No: RT31053 R13 SET - 1 PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) What constitutes a programming environment? [3M] b) What mixed-mode assignments are allowed in C and Java? [4M] c) What is an alias? What are the problems associated with it? [4M] d) What is attribute grammar? Explain how attribute grammar is use for [4M] evaluation of the expressions. e) What is type inferencing used in ML? [3M] f) What is the difference between checked and unchecked exception in java? [4M] PART -B 2 a) What is the difference between a sentence and a sentential form in a CFG? [4M] b) Explain with an example how the weakest precondition for a logical pretest loop is derived. c) A concise and understandable description of a programming language is essential to the language s success. Comment on this. [4M] 3 a) What are the merits of sub range types? [3M] b) Explain in detail various design issues of character string types. c) What is a variable and what are the attributes of a variable? Elaborate on address of a variable. [5M] 4 a) Discuss the following term: [10M] i) Dangling pointers, ii) Tail recursion elimination. b) Explain associative arrays, their structure and operations. [6M] 5 a) What is the difference between the way original C and C89 deal with an actual parameter whose type is not identical to that of the corresponding formal parameter? b) Discuss in detail overloaded operators. 6 Discuss how producer-consumer problem and Dining philosopher s problem are solved using concurrency in ADA. [16M] 7 a) For what sort of application logic programming is useful? Briefly explain. b) What are existential queries? Briefly explain.

20 Code No: RT31053 R13 SET - 2 PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) What do you mean by a general purpose language? Is C a general purpose language? [3M] b) Give an example of left recursive rule in CFG. What is the significance of left [4M] recursive rule? c) What do you mean by binding? Give examples of some of the bindings and their [4M] binding times. d) Consider the following C program: [4M] int fun(int _ i) { *i+=5; return 4; } void main { int x=3; x=x+fun (&x) } What is the value of x after assignment statement in main method assuming i. operands are evaluated left to right? e) What are advantages and disadvantages of dynamic local variables? [3M] f) What is type inferencing used in ML? [4M] PART -B 2 a) Explain the process of compilation in each phase of a compiler. b) Give some reasons why computer scientists and professional software developers should study general concepts of language design and evaluation. 3 a) Discuss about Context-free grammar and regular expression? Give the parse tree of a following statement: A = (B+C) * (D / E). b) Consider the following pseudo code. Procedure P (A, B: real) X: real Procedure Q (B, C: real) Y: real... Procedure R (A, C: real) Z: real... (*)... Assuming static scope, what is the referencing environment at location marked by (*)? 1 of 2

21 Code No: RT31053 R13 SET a) Explain in detail arrays, indices, subscript bindings, and array categories. b) What are the problems posed by managing a heap of single-size cell and variable-size cell? Explain in detail various methods for reclaiming garbage. 5 a) Discuss precedence and associativity rules of different programming languages. b) Explain in detail multiple selection constructs. 6 a) What are the characteristics of co-routine feature? List the languages which allow coroutines. b) How to implement generic functions in C++? 7 a) Define monitor? Explain how cooperation synchronization and competition synchronization are implemented using monitors. b) Write a prolog description of your family tree (based only on facts), going back to your grandparents and including all descendants. Be sure to include all relationships. 2 of 2

22 Code No: RT31053 R13 SET - 3 PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) Differentiate between Hybrid Interpretation and Pure Interpretation. [3M] b) Write short notes on Short Cut evaluation. [4M] c) What are the design issues for exception handling in JAVA? [3M] d) Differentiate In mode and Out Mode parameter passing mechanisms. [4M] e) With respect to the object oriented programming, briefly explain virtual [3M] functions. f) What are the three features of Haskell that makes very different from schema? [4M] PART -B 2 a) What are the main features of the programming paradigm with examples? b) Define CFG? What does it mean for CFG to be ambiguous? 3 a) (i) Explain Dijkstra s selection construction and loop structure. (ii) Explain with examples user-located loop control mechanisms provided by various languages. b) What is meant by type checking? Differentiate between static type checking and dynamic type checking and give their relative advantages. 4 a) Discuss the significance of holes in the records. Why they do and what problem do they cause? b) Explain the difference between virtual and non-virtual methods. 5 a) Describe three alternative means of allocating co-routine stacks. What are their relative strengths and weaknesses? b) What is dangling-else problem? Discuss How it can be handled by the programming language. 6 a) Explain the following terms : Message passing [6M] b) Concurrency in Ada [5M] c) Monitors. [5M] 7 a) For what sort of application logic programming is useful? Briefly explain. b) Write a LISP function fib(n) that computes nth Fibonacci number.

23 Code No: RT31053 R13 SET - 4 PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES (Computer Science and Engineering) 1 a) Briefly write about Virtual Machines. [3M] b) What are the advantages of user-defined data types? [4M] c) How does C support relational and Boolean expressions? [3M] d) Explain with example how operand-evaluation order interacts with functional side [4M] effects. e) Write a short note on this pointer in C++. [3M] f) Explain about LISP interpreter. [4M] PART -B 2 Explain language evaluation criteria and the characteristics that affect them. [16M] 3 a) Define syntax and semantics. [5M] b) The levels of acceptance of any language depend on the language description. [5M] Comment on this. c) Define grammars, derivation and a parse tree. [6M] 4 a) What are dangling pointers and lost heap-dynamic variables? How are they created? b) What are the problems posed by managing a heap of single-size cell and variablesize cell? Explain in detail various methods for reclaiming garbage. 5 Discuss about the various attributes of a good language and explain the process of evaluating attributes with example. [16M] 6 a) Write an analysis of the similarities and differences between java packages and C++ namespaces. b) Explain how information hiding in provided in an ADA package. 7 a) Discuss about basic elements of prolog. Give examples. b) Explain how data abstraction is implemented in ADA.