Syntax and Variables

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1 Syntax and Variables What the Compiler needs to understand your program, and managing data 1

2 Pre-Processing Any line that starts with # is a pre-processor directive Pre-processor consumes that entire line Possibly replacing it with other C code For example #include <stdio.h> replaces the #include line with the contents of the stdio.h file. 2

3 White Space Needed to separate tokens e.g. then break are two contiguous keywords, but thenbreak is a single identifier Otherwise, white space is ignored then break is the same as then break is the same as then break Enables programmer to choose formatting preferences 3

4 Keywords asm auto break case char const continue default do double else enum extern float for fortran goto if int long register return short signed sizeof static struct switch typedef union unsigned void volatile while Keywords have special meaning to the compiler, so you can t use them for other names. 4

5 Identifiers Function, parameter, and variable names Must start with a letter or an underscore Underscores usually avoided May not contain white space After the first letter, can be any number, letter, or underscore Identifiers are case sensitive polyarea is different from PolyArea Choose names that are descriptive, and easy to type Be4aTgh9_fr37200aBy is probably not a good choice 5

6 Comments Anything starting with /* up to the next */ is a comment /* comments may span lines and continue on to the next line */ Comments do NOT nest x=3; /* reset x to 3 */ /* x=3; /* reset x to 3 */ this was a mistake */ ^ syntax error this not declared // causes a comment to the end of the line (white space matters) Use comments to help reader understand what the code does! No need to comment the obvious: a=a+3; // add three to a Comments ignored by compiler Oops x shouldn t be reset here! Let s comment it out 6

7 Block Comments /* I like this style of comment because I can add or remove lines from the comment without special comment reformat intervention. Besides, it looks clean */ 7

8 C Statements A statement is a list of identifiers, keywords and/or operators that ends with a semi-colon a=a+3; int c=7; int cent_to_far(int c); A C statement may span more than one line in the file int MyLongFunctionNamedFunctionThatTakesLotsOfArguments( int arg1, int arg2, int arg3, int arg4, int arg5, int arg6, int arg7, int arg8); There may be more than one statement on one line in the file int a=5; a=a+6; int b; b=cent_to_far(a); 8

9 C Blocks A block of statements is a list of statements, surrounded by { and } { - Left curly brace } Right curly brace A block can be used anywhere a statement can be used Blocks of statements can be nested { statement1; } { statement2; statement3; } statement4; Inside Block Outside Block 9

10 C Variables A variable is a named piece of data Variables in C have A name (specified by the programmer) A value (may be unassigned/unknown) A location in memory (determined by the compiler) A type (size and interpretation) (more to come scope/ storage class/ etc.) Variables must be declared before they are used! 10

11 Variable Declaration Statement type name; type : One of the built-in types or a derived type name : Any valid identifier Examples: int age; char First_Initial; float gpa; Warning Variables may only be declared once! 11

12 C Built-In Types : int Whole Numbers (e.g. 32, -16, 0, 45021, ) Positive or negative or zero Limits on largest (and smallest) number that fits -2,147,483,648 up to 2,147,483,647 Internally : 32 bit vector of base 2 digits Two s complement for negative numbers leftmost bit is the sign bit Other built in integer types (e.g. short, long) have different sizes and different limits

13 C Built-In Types: float Decimal numbers (e.g. 1.0, , 6.22x10 23 etc.) Limits on largest number that fits around +/- 3.4 x Almost always approximate values! e.g. 1.0!= 3 x ( ) Special values for +/- +/-0, and +/- NaN (Not a Number) Internally 32 bits (4 bytes) with multiple sub-fields Other floating point types (e.g. double) have different sizes, different precision, and different limits

14 C Built-In Types : char Space to hold a single letter (e.g. a, Q, $, _, ) Internally 8 bit number between 0 and 256 ASCII mapping from letter to number and back See Some numbers do not map to a letter unprintable In numeric contexts (e.g. arithmetic operations) C treats char as a number

15 Type: How to interpret bits in memory All computer data consists of strings of 0 s and 1 s How does the computer know what the string means? Float: Char: abcd Int: -1,070,596,096 15

16 Uninitialized Variables What is in a variable before you assign a value to it? int x; printf( The value of x is %d\n,x); Under the covers The compiler chooses a place in memory for the x value The starting value of x is whatever happened to be in memory at the location the compiler chose. The variable x has some value, but you have no idea what that value is! In fact, the compiler warns about reading uninitialized variables. Moral: Always specify an initial value

17 Variable Declaration Statement (w/ init.) type name = const; type : One of the built-in types or a derived type name : Any valid identifier const : Constant specification (should be of type type) Examples: int age = 17; char First_Initial = a ; float gpa = 3.985; 17

18 Pitfall : Initialization vs. Assignment Initialization int age=17; Initialization and Assignment int age=17; int age=18; // got older age=18; // got older Age is declared above, and cannot be declared again!

19 Compiler Constants or Literals Compiler interprets some program text as constants Numbers without decimal points are integers: 10, 38221, 41_385 Integers with leading zeroes are base 8: 0723, -0435, 0943 Integers can be specified base 2 or base 16: 0b0011_1010, 0x5eC0 Numbers with decimal points are floats: 1.0, You may use scientific notation: 6.22e23, e-12 Single letters in single quotes are ASCII char : a, Q, $, Letters in double quotes are ARRAYS of chars: Hello World!

20 Pitfall: Leading Zeroes month[00] = Jan ; month[01] = Feb ; month[03] = Mar ; month[07] = Aug ; month[08] = Sep ; month[09] = Oct ; month[10] = Nov ; month[11] = Dec ; Compiler error: Invalid number

21 Demo A hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron. If the mass of an electron is approximately 9.1 x kilograms, and the mass of a proton or a neutron is approximately 1.7 x kilograms, what is the mass of a hydrogen atom? A typical carbon atom contains 6 electrons, 6 protons, and 6 neutrons. What is the mass of a carbon atom?

22 Resources Programming in C, Chapter 3 WikiPedia: C Syntax ( WikiPedia: C Data Types ( WikiPedia: Type Theory ( 22

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