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1 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISOIIEC 9899 First edition Programming languages - C Langages de programmation - C E - w - E = z 2 z 3 = = = = - = s E- E Z C - Reference number ISOAEC 9899 : 1990 (El

2 Contents 1 Scope 2 Normative references 1 3 Definitions and conventions 2 4 Compliance 5 Environment 5 51 Conceptual models Translation environment Execution environments 6 52 Environmental considerations Character sets Character display semantics Signals and interrupts Environmental limits 12 6 Language 61 Lexical elements 611 Keywords 612 Identifiers 613 Constants 614 String literals 615 Operators 616 Punctuators 617 Header names 618 Preprocessing numbers 619 Comments 62 Conversions 621 Arithmetic operands 622 Other operands 63 Expressions 631 Primary expressions 632 Postfix operators 633 Unary operators 634 Cast operators 635 Multiplicative operators 636 Additive operators 637 Bitwise shift operators 638 Relational operators 639 Equality operators 6310 Bitwise AND operator 6311 Bitwise exclusive OR operator 6312 Bitwise inclusive OR operator 6313 Logical AND operator 6314 Logical OR operator 6315 Conditional operator ISO/IEC 1990 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher ISO/IEC Copyright Office l Case postale 56 l CH-1211 Geneve 20 l Switzerland Printed in Switzerland ii

3 l 6316 Assignment operators 6317 Comma operator 1 Constant expressions Declarations 651 Storage-class specifiers 652 Type specifiers 653 Type qualifiers 654 Declarators 655 Type names 656 Type definitions 657 Initialization Statements 661 Labeled statements 662 Compound statement, or block 663 Expression and null statements 664 Selection statements 665 Iteration statements 666 Jump statements External definitions 671 Function definitions 672 External object definitions Preprocessing directives 681 Conditional inclusion 682 Source file inclusion 683 Macro replacement 684 Line control 685 Error directive 686 Pragma directive 687 Null directive 688 Predefined macro names Future language directions 691 External names 692 Character escape sequences 693 Storage-class specifiers 694 Function declarators 6 Function definitions 696 Array parameters l I* 7 Library 71 Introduction 711 Definitibns of terms 712 Standard headers 713 Reserved identifiers 714 Errors <errnoh> 715 Limits <floath> and <limitsh> ' 716 Common definitions <stddef h> 717 Use of library functions 72 Diagnostics <asserth> 721 Program diagnostics 73 Character handling <ctype h> 731 Character testing functions 732 Character case mapping functions 74 Localization <localeh> 741 Locale control 742 Numeric formatting convention inquiry

4 75 Mathematics <mathh> Treatment of error conditions Trigonometric functions Hyperbolic functions Exponential and logarithmic functions Power functions Nearest integer, absoke value, and rem ainder fun ctions Nonlocaljumps <set jmp h> Save calling environment Restore calling environment Signal handling <signalh> Specify signal handling Send signal Variable arguments <stdarg h> Variable argument list access macros Input/output <stdioh> Introduction Streams Files Operations on files File access functions Formatted input/output functions Character input/output functions Direct input/output functions File positioning functions Error-handling functions General utilities <&dlibh> String conversion functions Pseudo-random sequence generation functions Memory management functions Communication with the environment Searching and sorting utilities Integer arithmetic functions Multibyte character functions Multibyte string functions String handling <stringh> String function conventions Copying functions Concatenation functions Comparison functions Search functions Miscellaneous functions Dateandtime<timeh> Components of time Time manipulation functions Time conversion functions Future library directions Errors<errnoh> Character handling <ctype h> Localization <localeh> Mathematics <math h> Signal handling <signal h> Input/output <stdioh> General utilities <stdlib h; String handling <string h> 176 iv

5 Annexes A Bibliography B Language syntax summary B1 Lexical grammar B2 Phrase structure grammar B3 Preprocessing directives C Sequence points D Library summary D1 Errors <errnoh> D2 Common definitions <stddef h> D3 Diagnostics <asserth> D4 Character handling <ctype h> D5 Localization <localeh> D6 Mathematics <math h> D7 Nonlocal jumps <set jmp h> D8 Signal handling <signal h> D9 Variable arguments <stdarg h> D10 Input/output <stdioh> D11 General utilities <stdlib h> D12 String handling <string h> D13 Date and time <time h> E Implementation limits l F Common warnings G Portability issues Gl Unspecified behavior G2 Undefined behavior G3 Implementation-defined behavior G4 Locale-specific behavior G5 Common extensions 177 e Index

6 Foreword IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization National bodies that are members of IS0 or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity IS0 and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with IS0 and IEC, also take part in the work In the field of information technology, IS0 and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1 Draft International Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75?70 of the national bodies casting a vote International Standard ISO/IEC 9899 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology Annexes A, B, C, D, E, F and G are for information only vi

7 Introduction With the introduction of new devices and extended character sets, new features may be added to this International Standard Subclauses in the language and library clauses warn implementors and programmers of usages which, though valid in themselves, may conflict with future additions Certain features are obsolescent, which means that they may be considered for withdrawal in future revisions of this International Standard They are retained because of their widespread use, but their use in new implementations (for implementation features) or new programs (for language [69] or library features [713]) is discouraged This International Standard is divided into four major subdivisions: - the introduction and preliminary elements; - the characteristics of environments that translate and execute C programs; - the language syntax, constraints, and semantics; - the library facilities Examples are provided to illustrate possible forms of the constructions described Footnotes are provided to emphasize consequences of the rules described in that subclause or elsewhere in this International Standard References are used to refer to other related subclauses A set of annexes summarizes information contained in this International Standard The introduction, the examples, the footnotes, the references, and the annexes are not part of this International Standard The language clause (clause 7) is derived from The C Reference Manual (see annex A) The library clause (clause 8) is based on the 1984 lusr-/group Standard (see annex A) vii

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9 INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 9899 : 1990 (E) Programming languages - C 1 Scope This International Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the C programming language It specifies - the representation of C programs; - the syntax and constraints of the C language; - the semantic rules for interpreting C programs; - the representation of input data to be processed by C programs; - the representation of output data produced by C programs; - the restrictions and limits imposed by a conforming implementation of C This International Standard does not specify - the mechanism by which C programs are transformed for use by a data-processing system; - the mechanism by which C programs are invoked for use by a data-processing system; - the mechanism by which input data are transformed for use by a C program; - the mechanism by which output data are transformed after being produced by a C program; - the size or complexity of a program and its data that will exceed the capacity of any specific data-processing system or the capacity of a particular processor; - all minimal requirements of a data-processing system that is capable of supporting a conforming implementation 2 Normative references The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of this International Standard At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid All standards are subject to revision, and parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the standards indicated below Members of IEC and IS0 maintain registers of currently valid International Standards IS0 646: 1983, Information processing - IS0 7-bit coded character set for information interchange IS0 4217: 1987, Codes for the representation of currencies and funds 1 This International Standard is designed to promote the portability of C programs among a variety of data-processing systems It is intended for use by implementors and programmers It is accompanied by a Rationale document that explains many of the decisions of the Technical Committee that produced it General

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