Fundamentals of Programming (Python) Getting Started with Programming

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1 Fundamentals of Programming (Python) Getting Started with Programming Ali Taheri Sharif University of Technology Some slides have been adapted from Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science

2 Outline 1. Software Development Paradigm 2. Defining the Problem 3. Creating a Design 4. Coding with Python 5. Testing the Program 2

3 Software Development 1. Define the Problem Objectives? Inputs? Outputs? Process? 2. Create a Design With algorithm & flowcharts 3. Code the Program Using a programming language (Python) 4. Test the Program Write appropriate tests & see if you get the right answers Use the Debugging system 3

4 Defining the Problem Celsius-Fahrenheit Conversion Objective The temperature is given in Celsius, user wants it expressed in degrees Fahrenheit. Input Temperature in Celsius Output Temperature in Fahrenheit Process Fahrenheit = 9 5 Celsius

5 Creating a Design Algorithm a well-defined recipe for solving a problem Has a finite number of steps Completes in a finite amount of time Often referred to as pseudocode Pseudocode is a dummy language. It has no defined instruction. But it s instructions must be completely clear It must be completely detailed. It is easily convertible to programming languages. 5

6 Creating a Design Celsius-Fahrenheit Algorithm 1. Begin 2. C input from user 3. F C x 9/ Output F 5. End 6

7 Creating a Design Flowchart A graphical model to represent an algorithm Steps are shown with boxes of different shapes The flow is specified by arrows Begin Input C F C x 9/ Terminal Decision Process Input/ output Output F End 7

8 Class Grade Average Problem Definition Objective Given the grades of N students of a class, the user wants the average grade. Input Grades of students (N grades) Output The average grade Process Average = 1 N i=1 N G i 8

9 Class Grade Average Algorithm 1. Begin 2. N input from user 3. i 0 4. Sum 0 5. G input from user 6. Sum Sum + G 7. i i If i < N then go to step 5 9. Average Sum / N 10. Output Average 11. End 9

10 Class Grade Average Flowchart Begin Input G Average Sum / N Input N i 0 Sum 0 Yes Sum Sum + G i i +1 i < N No Output Average End 10

11 Some Problems Problem Objectives Given 3 numbers, the user wants average of them. The user wants the summation of 1 to 10. Given a number N, the user wants the average and summation of odd numbers less or equal to N. Given 3 numbers, the user wants to know if the can be triangle side lengths or not. Given N grades, the users wants the number of grades in each following periods: Grade 15 High 15 > Grade 10 Mid 10 > Grade Low 11

12 Some Problems Problem Objectives Given a number, the user wants reversed form of that number. Given a number, the user wants to know if it is prime or not. Given a number, the user wants the prime numbers less than that number. The user wants to know in how many ways he can have 100$ using 10$, 20$ and 50$ bills. Given 4 numbers, the user wants to know if they can form an arithmetic progression or not. If so, the user wants the next N numbers of this arithmetic progression. 12

13 Coding with Python When you start Python, you will see something like: Python (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec , 01:54:25) [MSC v bit (AMD64)] on win32 Type "copyright", "credits" or "license()" for more information. >>> The >>> is a Python prompt indicating that Python is ready for us to give it a command. These commands are called statements. 13

14 Coding with Python The first Program: Printing a line of text The print function sends a stream of text to the standard output >>> print("hello world") Hello world 14

15 Coding with Python The second program: Ask user s name The input function receives a stream of text from standard input >>> user = input( What s your name? ") What s your name? Ali >>> print("hello", user) Hello Ali 15

16 Variables in Python >>> user = input( What s your name? ") user is an example of a variable A variable is used to assign a name to a value so that we can refer to it later. Variables have names, called identifiers 16

17 Variables in Python A variable name (identifier) can be any one word that: Consists of letters, numbers, or _ Does not start with a number Is not a Python reserved word (keyword) and del from not while as elif global or with assert else if pass yield break except import print class exec in raise continue finally is return def for lambda try Python is case-sensitive: User is not the same as user 17

18 Data Types Python provides some basic or primitive data types Numeric int 25, -32, 0, 1024 float 1.5, , complex Boolean True False String 1+3j, -2.5+j, 12j this is a string, 25, False 18

19 Arithmetic Operations Symbol Meaning Precedence + Addition Low - Subtraction Low * Multiplication Medium / Division Medium // Floor Division Medium % Reminder (mod) Medium ** Exponentiation (Power) High 19

20 A Complete Program Celsius-Fahrenheit Python Program >>> c = input("enter temperature in Celsius: ") >>> f = c * 9/ >>> print("temperature in Fahrenheit:", f) 20

21 A Complete Program Celsius-Fahrenheit Python Program >>> c = input("enter temperature in Celsius: ") >>> f = c * 9/ >>> print("temperature in Fahrenheit:", f) Any Problems? The input function returns a string Needs to be converted into float >>> c = float(c) 21

22 Type Conversion Data type converter functions To Integer >>> x = int("25") >>> x = int(34.287) >>> x = int(true) To Float >>> x = float("34.287") >>> x = float(12) >>> x = float(false) To String >>> x = str(34.287) >>> x = str(12) >>> x = str(true) To Boolean >>> x = bool("text") >>> x = bool(0) >>> x = bool(34.287) 22

23 Put All Together Celsius-Fahrenheit Python Program >>> c = input("enter temperature in Celsius: ") >>> f = float(c) * 9/ >>> print("temperature in Fahrenheit:", f) Want to save your program? Let s switch to script mode! 23

24 Python Running Modes Interactive Mode Write code directly in interpreter command line shell Gives immediate feedback for each statement Best for playing around with your code Script Mode Write code into a file and save it with.py extension Give the file as input to the interpreter Best for running the program multiple times 24

25 Test the Program Programming often leads to Error! Programming errors are called bugs Tracking the bugs and correcting them is called debugging Different error types Syntax error Runtime error Semantic error 25

26 Programming Errors Syntax Error Caused by the violation of rules and structure of Python language Found when the code is being interpreted to machine language. Pretty easy to catch Example: choosing a keyword as a name for a variable >>> lambda = 1.5 File "<stdin>", line 1 lambda = 1.5 ^ SyntaxError: invalid syntax 26

27 Programming Errors Runtime Error (Exception) Caused due to many reasons, such as hardware failure, access violation, memory errors, Found while the code is running Moderate to catch (need coding) Example: using operators with incorrect operand types >>> x = "text" >>> x / 2 Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for /: 'str' and 'int' 27

28 Programming Errors Semantic Error Caused due to incorrect coding or design No error messages are generated at all! Tricky to catch (need code inspection) Example: incorrect use of operator >>> c = input("enter temperature in Celsius: ") >>> f = float(c) * 9// >>> print("temperature in Fahrenheit:", f) 28

29 Experimental Debugging An important skill Frustrating but challenging Sounds like detective work Follow the clues to find the source of error Get help from a debugger IDEs usually come with a debugger Helps to find bugs using debugging tools such as breakpoints, profilers, etc. 29

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