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- Bartholomew Pierce
- 6 years ago
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regger, 1976; Barnett, 1953; Becker, Whisler, 1967]; &!C H'(*B [Rogers, 1983; Zaltman et al., 1984]. 3 - C+ &'!.7 (:( (7+7H &C! (&!&*7/ F C/*&'* : *:7 &. I*/ '.&*)*B, )*( -/ (+,&'*, &J'C&'* 'F. 1+* C/ FB :0(/.*/* H ', F ( : *:7$', * (''7, (/( ' *)*-. " 0+*B&,*B * ' *(, 7*.:#$', )* * '0 *-, H +* &/I(( 7 : -.(&7, ' * : :!#7 innovation * invention. 3 ( ),! 9(, F ((.(&!$',&7, *&'' *:7',&7. "(/( ' * (''7. (&7',! C!''7 F&,, *)*7. ' $H ) F. '(# '!I( []0+&(B, '7 0!. (:#, (/(', : '(+0*- &+ *- )*7, C!+,(B &(&+ 70!. +* :#H :. I7 0, 9*&!$#( 9' 7&'*. )&*.J( 7 ' ( (&- '7 )*- #( (/!. ]F )*7 ) F&,,. ' C 7: +*:)*-, ' *)*7 ' &, + : C 7:( )*+.+7 :.&$I7,. & - )*- *: & (F, 7! (+&7, *J,. (B$#. D '0.*/! *)*- :!*$',&7 7. )& ' :!+,'' )*- 16
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18 3 )&!+, :!*7 *)*B, **! * &'!'! - +*&'&,0, (/(', : I+(&'* -/ (9*)*B * &+7 I! : '.* 9!)*!7. "*.*. )&!+,0.*/! *)*7 :!*H',& :(' *. I7 (/ *B +$,(, 7*. '70 ' (+0 #&! &'!.$',! :H*$ : *J(( +$,( *&'('!- )*+,! '&'* [Swan ' *., 1999, &. 263; Van de Ven, 1986]. %J (:#7 I/ ),0..!+7 0 (*.*/! &9!+, ':... %)*7 ). &'(B * +**B(B 9-, & *J.+&(B C0''.(B. )&, F +$#H )(+( 7. 70, ' * : '0 : 7:! [Wolfe, 1994, &. 411]. 7(( ' ( :..(B *&' (#(B.*/* (:#- 7 * &+*I7 *)*B, F H :0! +*:!'( (*! :('! -/ +B [Rothwell, 1992]. I/ ),0.*/!. - &'+. 7',.+*, +B *)*B,.#($#( : 1960-/ *: *. &'(/ +**B(/ &+(/ *' '((/. D*&'+7 *&!$#(/ (:#, *)*B 0!.$ &+*(- *.* *()' P.. %+,H-!I+((+ (&, F &.)(9*#(B :*&' *)*B &+$', :*(, 0+$ 9!)*- H$ *)*B- *7+,&'* H 9!)*7 :* [z+,, 1997, &. 7]. *:* ' (.- *:! (:#$', *.(&!$', &* (- 0(, 7( $', *.*'( *)*-. P.( $#(&,. )* *'- #(:7(/ ["# J(B, P!/, 2000; D(, (9(+, 2005] ' :!C*I(/ 9/*)*, [Barnett, 1953; Rogers, 1995; Cooper, 1986; Zaltman, 1984] I ( ('( (:! / ' (&'(,. (- '(/ 7, 7* C (7(+(&7 &. I((!&.*J :+'( J+7/ * - *- -- '*+7! (0+7* - '/+0*- C 0.!'!: (:,!*+,*&',; +$)*B*&',, :'*&',. (!; &J'C*&',, &(&'*&',; &!&.*+, :#!F*&',; :!+*&', C H'(((. )&( &(/ &9 / &!&.*+,0 I(''7; *) *H')*7.*(F7.!'(&'*.!- '* '.&+!0; *.**&',.' C ' #*!7 &.I(#*, &. 7- *&', -/ :+7; 18
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
32 &('!)*H$ C '(, F )7 C*+,J*&', +, H; 5) *&'+(/ (CB-!I(/) [Rogers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
33 +( 9' +(.!0 0!. :.#'!H ( (- &'7.!'! :7( 9'! *I&C(&'*&-!*)*-. 1. J! '.* I(''H0 )(+!.!'!, +(.,0 BI */' :H,. IH 9' +(. *! :C*+,J7 ' (+&'* +0.+(! : &'H *+,*&', &.I(#*, 9'(*&', +(.&'!. :(I!H',&7. 1'*&',.*(F!- H',&7 9' *I&C(&'*&0 &.*+!7, :7( 7! - F!H',&7 C:.!.)* *: #(&+ '(/, /' &.'(# &'(',&7 *)*B. 1.#'! SS &'., 9'(# #& : +7(, 7* - )'!$',!0!.!&* 9 /, /*:/ * :* - &'7/ $ , ((H *J 0!. - +B *)*B(/. )&*, F :& I!H',&7!$34 3,,. }/ #+,( H \. b!.'. B0. *7 *#0 :('! (1912) (+ ' :! +**B! +,.J( 7 *)*B. }- &!', :(',&7 '0: 1) (/*(), *7+,*&', H I + *)*B * :*B&$- H',&7.: *$,.*. (H)* +(J.*#$',.* * (''7 * ( (&'!$', -/ +7 &' 7 '/*#(//'/+- 0*#(/ *)*B, :'(/. (&('(. (C!'; 2) *#(B :(' H *&) :7( :!&(++7.*. (H)*, &*+,( # :! )*$ *I (( : 7+7$',&7 *.!'(, '/* ' '/+0*-; 3) *)*B(B. )& H +**B(, *.#(H',&7 : (/-! * : J!H',&7 *)*H$, F H. (C!'. %J I!#(, +**B +, \. b!.' 9!&!H',&7. 0'(:)*B*B 9 * *)*B0. )&!. D0* : $ & *)*- :!+$$', *# : &'7. 3 ( ),! *)*- 0!$',&7.: *$ * :+I * --.' C. 3 :- '(B.+( &)*+,0 :+7 *)*B! '(*&',! +* #& *',! '*B &+*B (7F &:'( :&' *+*B) 9 * B &* #!H. *:(/.*!#- (/ : *)*B0 I'! [! (#, 2004; &(B, 2008]. D(#B, +**B +, \. b!.' &+$+&7 B! &H! :('!. BJ+ *+, '.*. 1 $#(&,! '+*, ::#(, F, 7 &+*,! 50-/ / SS &'. C!+ &' +- 33
34 &(#! ',/! +, *)*B: 9!'+,* &+*I7. (+* &+*I7 &'!' &,* : C(. 3 '70 &'!.(/ * :7(. )7 *&'* *. &'- (* C*:&-J*+ +* C!+ :+$#(B '., C:.&-,. 7:(B :. )& &+*I, * : C, & '. ( C()' * #(, : 7(+&7 +**B - +, '/+0*#0.J'/! (C +&(#, technologypush, science-push, pro-active model ). " 7+7H &C$. (- #(-&+*(B +)$I,.#' 70 H 9!'+,* &+*I7, : J7 ( C()' * :.&$I7 *)*B. X* +* a!'!+(&7 :(#(/ &,0*!7+7/. ', F &* *)*B +I',!* (/( ' * (''7. "I+($ -/ &C+(*&'$ H ', F I(B '. ( C+7H :!+,- '', 7(B H /*( &! &.+,J0 '.!, &'!.* &'*-. 7:* : '(( : 7:( :.. *. E&*+,( 0+ :7 'B '.+70+! ( C()'*, +*:)*-.!)*-,!0. (*+7+&7. J( &'*7 *)*B0. )- &!, &!-&+*( ' &+*-&'!' &,( C- ', F :!(+ &' 7!.*7/ +(- *+,&'*!- (/ +C ' *B. 3 )&! I )*+*:)*-!(/ &70,. (*+7+&7 :# J!0(, * I&7 ''(#(. & (* 60-/.#'! 70-/ * SS &'. C!+ : C- + (! +, (+**B +, ('70!7..(', (0 '7I*7, demand-pull, need-pull, market-pull, reactive model ), F.7&$H',&7 &(#7 (!.!)*H$ * '!F( :C!'!. )B #&.&(+(+&7 C ',C.*B : #- &'! (! ( market shares battle ), F :!&(+.*-. &'( 9!&!0( *: &+*I, * : C (7+7 ((/.- ' C. '(0 *. 0:!7..('! C!$', +* C*+,J0 :#7. +* ('70!7..('.J'/ +7 &' 7 *)*- IH',&7 (7+.' C, 1 &'$', &'!.( '., F H :0! :+,('( :.('( (! / / ((H C H!$# +, ( coupling of R & D and marketing, feedback model ), F *C(H I+(*&', 7 ((/, ' * '/+0*#(/ 9' *. I +( *)*B (&'!.$', :!+,''( 1, 'I.' C( (!. +* *)*B- *7+,&'* ' ',0.+*7 :C *0$', 34
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line, Rosenberg, 1985]. }-. 0$ H /!7 *:*''7 I + *)*B, 7(/ *& :!+,''(!(/ &+*I, (* ($', * :7);.' C( (!; *&!$#* :7 (:*J* +7.*-) * :7, ' (*. )&* #7 +&! &**. [ *H$ ++$ '(/ #&*, F, 7 * +)$0, )'!H *)*B!. )&* :#!F*&', I7 (/ *B, *- (''*, (/*, H +, *)*B0. )&! ' (1986). " 7+7H &C$ #*' &'!'! (B. )& : C( 0.!'!. D.. &,(. 9&.!.- [Cooper, 1986] +, H &+$ &(&'$, F H.&+*- * '.( * */( / '. '!. %)*B(B. )& :0+7H',&7 7 +**B(B, C: I+(&'*. 7.. * '.(, + I '. ) C*. ++,(/ *B, (- 35
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