H212 Introduction to Software Systems Honors

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1 Introduction to Software Systems Honors Lecture #04: Fall /20

2 Office hours Monday, Wednesday: 10:15 am to 12:00 noon Tuesday, Thursday: 2:00 to 3:45 pm Office: Lindley Hall, Room 401C 2/20

3 Printing variable Printing strings and variables. public class Dice { public static void main (String[] args) { int dice = 6; System.out.print( "Dice has " + dice + " sides.\n" ); } } Output: > run Dice Dice has 6 sides. 3/20

4 Interactive programs It is often useful to design interactive programs, in which the user inputs data and receives results. The Scanner class, which is part of the Java API, provides convenient methods for reading input values of various types. We first have to create a Scanner object in order to invoke its methods. Objects in Java are created using the new operator. Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in) This declaration creates a variable scan that represents a Scanner object. The object itself is created by the new operator and a call to a special method called constructor to set up the object. Once created, the Scanner object can be used to invoke various input methods, such as: temp = scan.nextline(); 4/20

5 Read a character string from the user and print it. Echo import java.util.scanner; public class Echo { public static void main(string[] args) { String message; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); System.out.println("Enter a line of text:"); message = scan.nextline(); } } System.out.println("You entered: \"" + message + "\""); > run Echo Enter a line of text: abc You entered: "abc" 5/20

6 Scanner methods White space is used to separate the elements (called tokens) of the input. White space includes space characters, tabs, new line characters. The next method of the Scanner class reads the next input token and returns it as a string. String next() Returns the next input token as a string. String nextline() Returns all input remaining on the current line as a string. int nextint() Returns the next input token as an integer. float nextfloat() Returns the next input token as a floating point number. 6/20

7 String methods Once a String object is created, its value can not be changed we say that a String object is immutable. Some methods in the String class return result of an operation on the String value. The index of the first character in a string is 0, the next one is 1, etc. int length() Returns the number of characters in the string. String substring(int offset, int endindex) Returns a new string that is a subset of the string starting at index offset and extending through endindex 1. Example: > "automaton".substring(2, 8) "tomato" 7/20

8 Wrapper class Wrapper class represents a particular primitive type. The Integer class represents a simple integer value. An object created from the Integer class stores a single int value. > Integer temp = new Integer(23) > temp 23 temp object represents the integer 23 as an object. It can be used wherever an object is needed in a program rather than a primitive type. 8/20

9 Conversion from string to int An Integer method: Static int parseint(string str) Returns the integer corresponding to the value stored in the string. > Integer.parseInt("23") 23 > String age > age null > age = "19" "19" > Integer.parseInt(age) 19 9/20

10 Arithmetic expressions Arithmetic expressions: // returns 5 int i; // declares i as an integer variable int m, n=1; // declaring and initializing i = 7; // assigns 7 to the variable i i + 1 // evaluates 8 i = i + 1 // assigns to i the value evaluated by i+1 int a = 3 > a < 5 true > a == 5 false > a > a = a /20

11 Arithmetic expressions > int a = 1 > a = a + 1; > a = a + 1; > a = a + 1; > a = a + 1; > a 5 > a = a > a += 5 13 > int i = 3 > i = i > i += 1 5 > i++ // prints a first! 5 > i 6 > i++ 6 > i 7 > ++i // increments first! 8 11/20

12 Increment, decrement > int a, b, i = 1, j = 5 > a = i++ 1 > a 1 > i 2 > b = ++j 6 > j 6 > a = i + j 8 > a = ++i + j++ 9 > i 3 > j 7 > b = --i + j-- 9 > i 2 > j 6 Practice! 12/20

13 Equality and relational operators Equality operators: == // equal to!= // not equal to < // less than <= // less than or equal to > // greater than >=?? Greater than or equal to 13/20

14 Boolean operattors Definition of AND: Definition of OR: a b a && b true true true true false false false true false false false false a b a b true true true true false true false true true false false false Definition of NOT: a!a true false false true 14/20

15 Boolean expressions Precedence order: NOT AND OR > false && false true true Simplifications of a Boolean expression: Find out a simpler but equivalent Boolean expression. For example, we can prove that (b == true) is equivalent to (b). b b == true b true true true false false false 15/20

16 Simplification Practice with: b == false b ==!b b &&!b b!b Are we able to simplify expression: (x < 5) && (x < 25) Systematically: x x < 5 true false x < 25 true false (x < 5) && (x<25) true false We conclude that (x < 5) && (x < 25) is equivalent to (x < 5). 16/20

17 if... else... public class Largest { public static void main(string[] args) { int a = 4, b = 3; if (a < b) { // this is the "then" branch System.out.println(b + " is the largest of the two."); } } } else { // the "else" branch System.out.println(a + " is the largest of the two."); } > run Largest 4 is the largest of the two. 17/20

18 Exercises Suppose the value of b is false and the value of x is 0. What is the value of each of the following expressions: a. b && (x == 0) b. b x == 0 c. (!b) && x == 0 d.!b x == 0 e. b && x!= 0 f. b x!= 0 g.!b && x!= 0 h.!b x!= 0 18/20

19 Exercises Simplify the following expressions. Here, b is a variable of type Boolean. a. b == true b. b == false c. b!= true d. b!= false 19/20

20 Exercises Simplify the following statements. Here, b is a variable of type Boolean and n is a variable of type int. a. if (n == 0) {b = true;} else {b = false;} (Hint: What is the value of n ==0?) a. if (n == 0) {b = false;} else {b = true;} b. b = false; if (n > 1) {if (n < 2) {b = true;}} c. if (n > 1) { b = true;} else { b = n > 2;}} 20/20

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