Chapter 5. Section 5.1 Introduction to Strings. CS 50 Hathairat Rattanasook

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1 Chapter 5 Section 5.1 Introduction to Strings CS 50 Hathairat Rattanasook

2 "Strings" In computer science a string is a sequence of characters from the underlying character set. In C a string is a sequence of characters terminated by a null character, \0 ; A string in C is marked using double quotes at the beginning and end of the string "This is a string" CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 1

3 Strings and printf() The first parameter for printf() is a string constant, for example: printf( Testing 1, 2, 3\n ); The compiler stores the sequence inside the double quotes and appends a terminating \0 to the string, for example: T e s t i n g 1, 2, 3 \n \0 CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 2

4 Strings and printf() It associates a char pointer to the memory location of the first character T When the printf() statement gets executed, the compiler will start at the memory location of T and continue to add characters to the output until it encounters the terminating null character \0. char*... T e s t i n g 1, 2, 3 \n \0 CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 3

5 Character Array and Pointer A string is very similar to the concept of a character array and to the concept of a char pointer Strings and arrays are stored in a continuous memory location but strings require the terminating null character \0 to mark the end of a string Strings are handled as the address of the first character just like a pointer-to-char. Therefore, one could use: char *str = Testing 1, 2, 3\n ; printf(str); // call to printf to print the string CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 4

6 Character Pointer Similar to pointers, pointer arithmetic and dereferencing could also be used, for example: char *str = Testing 1, 2, 3\n ; *(str) // would return T *(str + 1) // would return e *(str + 2) // would return s // etc. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 5

7 Character Array C also allows the use of the array indexing syntax to access individual characters in strings, for example: char *str = Testing 1, 2, 3\n ; str[0] str[1] str[2] str[3] str[4] str[5] // etc. // would return T // would return e // would return s // would return t // would return i // would return n CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 6

8 Strings in printf() The conversion specification %s can be used inside printf() and scanf() to print a string variable For example: char *str = Testing 1, 2, 3\n ; printf( My string is: %s, str); CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 7

9 Strings in scanf() When %s appears in scanf(), the parameters should be the address of an array with enough space to handle the input. scanf() will put the char sequence in the array until it encounters a whitespace, for example: If the input is 'Hello there\n', scanf() will only place H e l l o \0 in the array. The there\n remains in the input stream. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 8

10 Arrays and String Manipulation 1 C allows declaring a string as type of an array, for example: /* - declares a char array of size 80, - stores the characters of the string in it - and appends the terminating null character to mark the end of the string*/ char stringarray[80] = Testing 1, 2, 3\n ; CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 9

11 Arrays and String Manipulation 2 The characters in a string can be manipulated using array indexing syntax or pointer arithmetic and dereferencing, for example: 1 char stringarray[80] = Rating\n 2 *(stringarray + 2) = c ; // replaces 't' with 'c' 3 stringarray[2] = c ; // replaces 't' with 'c' Line 1 declares a string with a maximum size of 80 characters Line 2 access the character at index 2 and overwrites it with 'c' Line 3 does the same as line 2 but using the array indexing syntax CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 10

12 Questions? 1. What are the two ways of declaring a string "Hello"? Please demonstrate both. 2. What is the difference between a char array and a string? 3. How to print the 5 th character of a string s? 4. How to replace the 2 nd and 3 rd character of s? CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 11

13 Answers 1. and What are the two ways of declaring a string "Hello"? Please demonstrate both. char strarray[8] = Hello ; char *strptr = "Hello"; 2. What is the difference between a char array and a string? - A string must have the terminating null character '\0' CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 12

14 Answers 3. and How to print the 5 th character of a string s? // You can do this in two different ways: // Using array indexing syntax: printf("5th char in s is %c", s[4]); // remember that index starts at 0 // or using pointer arithmetic and dereferencing: printf("5th char in s is %c", *(s + 4)); // remember that index starts at 0 4. How to replace the 3 rd character in s with '5'? s[4] = '5'; // access cell at index 4 and write '5' to it *(s + 4) = '5'; // or add 4 to the address of the first char in s and go to its location using the dereference operator * and write '5' to it. CS 50 - Hathairat Rattanasook 13

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