C for Electronic Engineering

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1 C for Electronic Engineering with applied software engineering William Buchanan Prentice Hall London New York Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich

CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Hardware, software and firmware 1.2 History of C 1.3 Basic computer architecture 1.4 Compiling, linking and producing an executable program 1.5 Pre-processor 1.

2 CONTENTS PREFACE 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Hardware, software and firmware 1.2 History of C 1.3 Basic computer architecture 1.4 Compiling, linking and producing an executable program 1.5 Pre-processor 1.6 Structure 1.7 Numbers and representations Negative numbers Hexadecimal and octal numbers 1.8 Character constants 1.9 Data types 1.10 Declaration of variables 1.11 C operators Arithmetic Relationship Logical (TRUE or FALSE) Bitwise 1.12 Precedence

viii Cfor Electronic Engineering 1.13 Data type conversion 1.14 Keywords 1.15 Jargon 1.16 Tutorial 2 INPUT/OUTPUT 2.1 Standard output (printf (), puts () and putchar ()) 2.1.1 Special control characters 2.

3 viii Cfor Electronic Engineering 1.13 Data type conversion 1.14 Keywords 1.15 Jargon 1.16 Tutorial 2 INPUT/OUTPUT 2.1 Standard output (printf (), puts () and putchar ()) Special control characters Conversion control characters Examples 2.2 Standard input (scanf (), gets () and getchar ()) Examples 2.3 Tutorial 3 SELECTION STATEMENTS 3.1 if..else statements Examples 3.2 switch statement Examples 3.3 Tutorial 4 REPETITIVE STATEMENTS 4.1 for Examples 4.2 while () 4.3 do..while () 4.4 break 4.5 continue 4.6 Examples Boolean equation CR active filter 4.7 Tutorial 5 FUNCTIONS

5.1 Parameter passing 5.2 Return value 5.3 Function type 5.4 Using the pre-processor to define function macros 5.5 Examples 5.5.1 Combinational logic 5.5.2 Impedance of a series RL circuit 5.5.3 AC response of a series RC circuit 5.

4 5.1 Parameter passing 5.2 Return value 5.3 Function type 5.4 Using the pre-processor to define function macros 5.5 Examples Combinational logic Impedance of a series RL circuit AC response of a series RC circuit Harmonics of a repetitive pulse waveform Classification of radio waves Impedance of a transmission line 5.6 Tutorial 6 POINTERS 6.1 Pointers with functions 6.2 Examples Quadratic equations Equivalent parallel resistance Impedance of an RL circuit Memory viewer Accessing PC video text memory 6.3 Tutorial 7 ARRAYS 7.1 Pointers and arrays 7.2 Passing arrays to functions 7.3 Array initialization 7.4 Multidimensional arrays 7.5 Dynamic allocation 7.6 Pointer arithmetic 7.7 Arrray of pointers 7.8 Examples Boolean circuit Impedance of an RL circuit DC circuit analysis Logic simulation

x Cfor Electronic Engineering 7.9 Tutorial 8 STRINGS 8.1 String input 8.2 String assignment 8.3 Standard string functions 8.4 Impedance of a parallel RC circuit 8.5 Circuit selection 8.

5 x Cfor Electronic Engineering 7.9 Tutorial 8 STRINGS 8.1 String input 8.2 String assignment 8.3 Standard string functions 8.4 Impedance of a parallel RC circuit 8.5 Circuit selection 8.6 Setting up an array of strings 8.7 Tutorial 9 STRUCTURES 9.1 Array of structures 9.2 Allocating structures dynamically 9.3 Bit fields 9.4 Time structure 9.5 Examples Traffic light sequence Input impedance of an RLC circuit series ICs 9.6 Tutorial 10 FILE INPUT/OUTPUT 10.1 Opening a file (f open ()) 10.2 Closing a file (f close ()) 10.3 Printing text to a file (f printf ()) 10.4 Reading text from a file (f scanf ()) 10.5 Finding the end of a file (f eof ()) 10.6 Getting a string of text from a file (f gets ()) 10.7 Putting a string of text to a file (f puts ())

Contents xi 10.8 Putting a character to a file (f puto ()) 260 10.9 Getting a character from a file (f getc ()) 260 10.10 Binary files 261 10.10.1 Reading binary data from a file (f read ()) 261 10.

6 Contents xi 10.8 Putting a character to a file (f puto ()) Getting a character from a file (f getc ()) Binary files Reading binary data from a file (f read ()) Writing binary data to a file (fwrite ()) Examples Boolean equation Averages program Binary read/write Tutorial SYSTEMS PROGRAMMING System calls Passing arguments Examples Tutorial PROJECTS Resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit Current flow in a diode Boolean circuit Decimal to binary converter Resistor colour code program Tutorial APPLIED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Software development RLC circuit program Requirement analysis and specification Requirement analysis Requirements specification Design Module specifications Implementation Version control 323

xii Cfor Electronic Engineering 13.2.8 System testing 13.2.9 Installation 13.3 Linear feedback shift register 13.3.1 Requirements analysis 13.3.2 Requirements specification 13.3.3 Design 13.3.4 Module specifications 13.

7 xii Cfor Electronic Engineering System testing Installation 13.3 Linear feedback shift register Requirements analysis Requirements specification Design Module specifications Coding System testing Installation Tutorial INTRODUCTION TO PC GRAPHICS USING TURBO/BORLAND C Basic graphics routines Closing graphics Initializing graphics Drawing a pixel Drawing a line Drawing a rectangle Displaying text Drawing a circle Bit-mapped graphics 14.2 Tutorial APPENDIX Al Structure charts A2 Header flies and associated functions A2.1 Classification routines A2.2 Conversion routines A2.3 Input/ Output routines A2.4 String manipulation routines A2.5 Math routines A2.6 Time and Date routines A2.7 Other standard routines A3 Things that can go wrong A3.1 Typical compiler errors A3.2 Typical compiler warnings A3.3 Typical run-time errors ICO INDEX 385

Contents. Preface. Introduction. Introduction to C Programming

Contents. Preface. Introduction. Introduction to C Programming c11fptoc.fm Page vii Saturday, March 23, 2013 4:15 PM Preface xv 1 Introduction 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Introduction The C Programming Language C Standard Library C++ and Other C-Based Languages Typical