Recap. Mutual exclusion. Peterson s algorithm. Synchronization instructions. s/w solution Assume program order execution. Test&set
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1 Recap Mutual exclusion Peterson s algorithm s/w solution Assume program order execution Synchronization instructions Test&set 1
2 Pseudo code TestAndSet Instruction boolean TestAndSet (boolean *target) boolean rv = *target; *target = TRUE; return rv: 2
3 Mutual Exclusion using TestAndSet int mutex; init_lock (&mutex); do lock (&mutex); critical section unlock (&mutex); remainder section while(true); void init_lock (int *mutex) *mutex = 0; void lock (int *mutex) while(testandset(mutex)) ; void unlock (int *mutex) *mutex = 0; 3
4 CAS (Compare & Swap) Instruction Pseudo code int CAS(int *value, int oldval, int newval) int temp = *value; if (*value == oldval) *value = newval; return temp; 4
5 Mutual Exclusion using CAS int mutex; init_lock (&mutex); do lock (&mutex); critical section unlock (&mutex); remainder section while(true); void init_lock (int *mutex) *mutex = 0; void lock (int *mutex) while(cas(&mutex, 0, 1)!= 0); void unlock (int *mutex) *mutex = 0; 5
6 Roadmap Solutions for mutual exclusion Peterson s algorithm (Software) Synchronization instructions (Hardware) High-level synchronization mechanisms Mutex Semaphore Monitor 6
7 Spinlock using TestAndSet void init_lock (int *mutex) *mutex = 0; void lock (int *mutex) while(testandset(mutex)) ; void unlock (int *mutex) *mutex = 0; 7
8 What s Wrong With Spinlocks? Very wasteful Waiting thread continues to use CPU cycles While doing absolutely nothing but wait 100% CPU utilization, but no useful work done Power consumption, fan noise, Useful when You hold the lock only briefly Otherwise A better solution is needed 8
9 Mutex Blocking Lock Instead of spinning Let the thread sleep There can be multiple waiting threads In the meantime, let other threads use the CPU When the lock is released, wake-up one thread Pick one if there multiple threads were waiting 9
10 void mutex_init (mutex_t *lock) list_init(&lock->wait_list); spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); More reading: mutex.c in Linux Thread waiting list To protect waiting list void mutex_lock (mutex_t *lock) while(testandset(&lock->value)) void mutex_unlock (mutex_t *lock) 10
11 void mutex_init (mutex_t *lock) list_init(&lock->wait_list); spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); void mutex_lock (mutex_t *lock) while(testandset(&lock->value)) current->state = WAITING; list_add(&lock->wait_list, current); schedule(); void mutex_unlock (mutex_t *lock) More reading: mutex.c in Linux Thread waiting list To protect waiting list Thread state change Add the current thread to the waiting list Sleep or schedule another thread 11
12 void mutex_init (mutex_t *lock) list_init(&lock->wait_list); spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); void mutex_lock (mutex_t *lock) spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); while(testandset(&lock->value)) current->state = WAITING; list_add(&lock->wait_list, current); schedule(); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); void mutex_unlock (mutex_t *lock) More reading: mutex.c in Linux Thread waiting list To protect waiting list Thread state change Add the current thread to the waiting list Sleep or schedule another thread 12
13 void mutex_init (mutex_t *lock) list_init(&lock->wait_list); spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); void mutex_lock (mutex_t *lock) spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); while(testandset(&lock->value)) current->state = WAITING; list_add(&lock->wait_list, current); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); schedule(); spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); void mutex_unlock (mutex_t *lock) More reading: mutex.c in Linux Thread waiting list To protect waiting list Thread state change Add the current thread to the waiting list Sleep or schedule another thread 13
14 void mutex_init (mutex_t *lock) list_init(&lock->wait_list); spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); void mutex_lock (mutex_t *lock) spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); while(testandset(&lock->value)) current->state = WAITING; list_add(&lock->wait_list, current); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); schedule(); spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); More reading: mutex.c in Linux Thread waiting list To protect waiting list Thread state change Add the current thread to the waiting list Sleep or schedule another thread void mutex_unlock (mutex_t *lock) if (!list_empty(&lock->wait_list)) wake_up_process(&lock->wait_list) Someone is waiting for the lock Wake-up a waiting thread 14
15 void mutex_init (mutex_t *lock) list_init(&lock->wait_list); spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); void mutex_lock (mutex_t *lock) spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); while(testandset(&lock->value)) current->state = WAITING; list_add(&lock->wait_list, current); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); schedule(); spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); More reading: mutex.c in Linux Thread waiting list To protect waiting list Thread state change Add the current thread to the waiting list Sleep or schedule another thread void mutex_unlock (mutex_t *lock) spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); if (!list_empty(&lock->wait_list)) wake_up_process(&lock->wait_list) spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); Someone is waiting for the lock Wake-up a waiting thread 15
16 void mutex_init (mutex_t *lock) list_init(&lock->wait_list); spin_lock_init(&lock->wait_lock); T1 More reading: mutex.c in Linux T2 void mutex_lock (mutex_t *lock) while(testandset(&lock->value)) current->state = WAITING; spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); list_add(&lock->wait_list, current); spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); schedule(); Correct? void mutex_unlock (mutex_t *lock) spin_lock(&lock->wait_lock); if (!list_empty(&lock->wait_list)) wake_up_process(&lock->wait_list) spin_unlock(&lock->wait_lock); mutex_unlock spin_lock() lock->value = 0 // list is empty // do nothing spin_unlock() mutex_lock lock->value = 1 spin_lock() list_add() spin_unlock() schedule() Q. Who will wake-up T2? A. Nobody!!!
17 Agenda High-level synchronization mechanisms Mutex Semaphore Monitor 17
18 High-level Synchronization Primitives Lock (mutex) is great, but Too low-level primitive Sometimes we need more powerful primitives Semaphore Binary/integer semaphore Monitor Condition variable 18
19 Semaphore High-level synchronization primitive Designed by Dijkstra in 1960 Definition Semaphore is an integer variable Only two operations are possible: P() or wait() or down() V() or signal() or up() 19
20 Simple Semaphore Implementation P() operation P(semaphore *S) while(s >value == 0) S->list->addQ(P); schedule( ); S >value ; schedule ( ) schedule another thread V() operation V(semaphore *S) if(!isempty(&s->list)) P = delq(&s->list); wakeup(p); S >value++ ; wakeup( ) wake up a thread What s wrong with the code? 20
21 Simple Semaphore Implementation P() operation P(semaphore *S) S->lock->Acquire(); while(s >value == 0) addq(&s->list, P); S->lock->Release(); schedule( ); S->lock->Acquire(); S >value ; S->lock->Release(); V() operation V(semaphore *S) S->lock->Acquire(); if(!isempty(&s->list)) P = delq(&s->list); wakeup(p); S >value++ ; S->lock->Release(); 21
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