CS 265. Computer Architecture. Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng.
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1 CS 265 Computer Architecture Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng. 1
2 Part 1: Data Representation Our goal: revisit and re-establish fundamental of mathematics for the computer architecture course Overview: what are bits & bytes? bit and arithmetic value? bit and hexadecimal? character set in PCs? how to do binary arithmetic operation (+,-,*,/)? integer representation in PCs: signed and unsigned binary and floating point floating point representation? order of byte in computers big endian vs. little endian 2
3 Conversion in Between Float and Binary 3
4 Floating point means a number with an integral part and a fractional part Converting floating point in between decimal and binary Place values: Floating point Integral part Fractional part Example: 4.5 (decimal) = (binary) 4
5 Converting floating point Example: 6.25 = Method: 6 = x 2 = x 2 = 1.0 (Stop when fractional part is 0) Example: (Integral part: convert in the usual way).5 (Fractional part: successive multiplication by 2) 6 = x 2 = x 2 = x 2 = x 2 = x 2 = 0.4 (repeats)
6 One more example to convert floating point Example: 6.4? How the floating binary number stored in computer? 6
7 How Float Represented in Computer 7
8 Floating point representation in computer Computers use a form of scientific notation for floatingpoint representation Numbers written in scientific notation have three basic components: Example: x use base 2 instead of base 10 Sign Mantissa Exponent Exponent specifies the order of magnitude in a base Mantissa specifies most significant part of value Sign specifies negative or positive 8
9 Floating point representation in computer Computer representation of a floating-point number consists of three fixed-size fields: This is the standard arrangement of these fields. 9
10 Floating point representation in computer (1) The one-bit sign field is the sign of the stored value. (2) The size of the exponent field, determines the range of values that can be represented. (3) The size of the significand determines the precision of the representation. 10
11 Floating point representation in computer single-precision (32 bits) floating point representation defined by IEEE standard sign bit "biased" exponent (8 bits) "normalized" mantissa (23 bits) Floating point = (-1) s x (1.m) x 2 (e-bias) Notice that the 1 in 1.m is always assumed. where, bias =
12 Floating point representation in computer double-precision (64 bits) floating point representation defined by IEEE standard sign bit "biased" exponent (11 bits) "normalized" mantissa (52 bits) Floating point = (-1) s x (1.m) x 2 (e-bias) where, bias =
13 Floating point representation: example 1 Given decimal real number 6.25, what is its single precision floating number stored in PC? Step (decimal) = (binary) Step 2. Move the radix point until a single 1 appears on the left, and multiply by the corresponding power of x2 2 so the sign bit is 0 (positive) the biased exponent is = 129 = = e and the normalized mantissa is 1001 (drop the 1, rest zero-fill) C80000 hexadecimal 13
14 Floating point representation: example 2 Given decimal real number 6.2, what is its single precision floating number stored in PC? Step (decimal) = (binary) Step 2. Move the radix point until a single 1 appears on the left, and multiply by the corresponding power of 2 = x2 2 so the sign bit is 0 (positive) the biased exponent is = 129= and the normalized mantissa is C66666 hexadecimal 14
15 Floating point representation: example 3 Double value in memory (in hex): what s its binary: what s its decimal? s (bit 64) = 0 = positive number e (bits 52 to 62) = = = 1026 m (bits 0 to 51) = Value = (-1) 0 x (1.01) b x 2 ( ) = 1x ( )x2 3 =(1+1/4)x8=8+2=10 15
16 Floating point representation: example 4 What decimal floating-point number is represented by 0xC ? Sign Biased exponent Normalized mantissa so the sign is negative the unbiased exponent is = 4 and the unnormalized mantissa is (add the 1 left of the radix point). Move the radix point 4 places to the right: =
17 Byte Order: Big Endian vs. Little Endian 17
18 Byte order Byte ordering, or endianness, is a major computer architectural consideration Byte ordering describes how data stored in memory, which is visible and important to programmer More details later in the course, here we introduce basic concept 18
19 Byte order If we have a two-byte integer, the integer may be stored so that the least significant byte is followed by the most significant byte or vice versa. In little endian machines, the least significant byte is stored in lowest memory location. (DEC, IBM (Intel Pentium)) Big endian machines store the most significant byte in lowest memory. (Motorola, Sun SPARC) 19
20 Big and little endian: an example Given 32 bits (4 bytes) integer (or single-precision floating point numbers) 0x 90AB12CD, the 4 bytes are: 90, AB, 12, CD, How can we store these values into memory? Big Endian In big endian, we store the most significant byte in the smallest address. Here's how it would look: Little Endian In little endian, we store the least significant byte in the smallest address. Here's how it would look: Address Value AB CD Address Value 1000 CD AB
21 Endianness: consequence for programmer For JAVA programmer, we have to know: - Everything in Java binary format files is stored big-endian, i.e. MSB (Most Significant Byte) first. - JAVA is platform independent because and Java hides internal endianness from us no matter what internal byte order used (i.e. Mac is big-endian order and intel PC is little-endian) For C programmer, we have to know: - Most files compiled by C use little-endian in windows PC For both C and JAVA programmer, we have to fix the byte order problem when transferring data files between computers for which the byte ordering differs 21
22 Summary: conceptual issues Bits grouped into sets to represent Integers Characters Floating point values Signed integers can be represented as Sign magnitude One's complement Two's complement Bytes of integer can be numbered in Big-endian order and Little-endian order 22
23 Summary: technical issues Conversion in between Binary, Hexadecimal, Decimal, Single Float and Double Signed Integer represented by Sign magnitude One's complement Two's complement The consequence of byte order to our programmers 23
24 Thank you for your attendance Any questions? 24
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