Chapter 7: User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type

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1 Strings Chapter 7: User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type A string is a sequence of characters. Strings in C++ are enclosed in "". Examples: "porkpie" "TVC15" (a 7-character string) (a 5-character string) "A very nice string!" (a 19-character string) 2 Two Kinds of Strings in C++ In C++, the term string can mean: The string data type, which is new to C++. (It did not exist in C.) To use it, you must include the <string> header file. We ve been using this data type since Week 2. Discussed in Chapter 7. A null-terminated character array. This was the only kind of string in C. Following the book s terminology, we ll refer to these as C-strings. Discussed in Chapter 8. 3 Using [] with the string Type Although items of the string data type are not arrays, you can use the array subscript operator [] to access an individual character in a string. The first character is in position 0, the second character is in position 1, and so on. #include <string> string mystr1 = "porkpie"; cout << mystr1[2]; 4 Using + with the string Type The binary operator + concatenates (combines) strings to create a longer string. #include <string> string mystr1 = "porkpie"; string mystr2 = "hat"; string mystr3 = mystr1 + " " + mystr2; cout << mystr3; 5 Lots of string Functions The <string> header file contains many useful functions for working with strings. Some of these are listed in Table 7-1 on pages Some others are listed on pages of Appendix F. See next slides. Note that some of these functions (which I've marked with ) change the string on which they operate. Also, some functions (which I've marked 6 with red arrows) are equivalent to others. 1

2 7 8 Lots of Examples Additional string Operations See the book's Examples 7-14 through See also Chapter 7's Programming Example: Pig Latin Strings Chapter 8 Arrays and Strings C-Strings A character array is an array whose elements are of type char. A C-string is a special type of character array. In particular, it is a null-terminated character array, which means that its last character is the null character. The null character is the character whose ASCII code is 0. To type it in a program, you type '\0'. 12 2

3 C-Strings (cont d.) Example code fragment: char mychar = 'A'; char mystring[] = "A"; cout << sizeof mychar << endl; cout << sizeof mystring << endl; 'A' is a single character. But "A" is a C-string. It consists of two characters, 'A' followed by '\0'. The null character is a marker that indicates the end of the C-string. C-Strings (cont d.) char name[16]; Since C-strings are null-terminated and name has 16 elements, the largest string it can store has 15 characters. If you store a string whose length is less than the array size, the last elements are unused C-Strings (cont d.) Lots of C-String Functions Recall that an array's size can be omitted if the array is initialized during declaration. char name[] = "John"; Declares an array of length 5 and stores the C- string "John" in it. The <cstring> header file contains many useful functions for working with C-strings. Three of these are listed in Table 8-1 on page 552. Another is listed on page 1333 of Appendix F. See next slide A Few Functions from <cstring> C-String Comparison The function strcmp compares C-strings character-by-character using the ASCII code. Examples "Air" < "Boat" "Air" < "An" "Bill" < "Billy" "Hello" < "hello"

4 Reading and Writing C-Strings Most rules for arrays also apply to C-strings (which are character arrays). But here's an exception: Recall that C++ does not allow aggregate operations, including assignment, comparison, input, or output on arrays in general. But C++ does allow aggregate input and output of C-strings. Aggregate Input of C-Strings char name[25]; cin >> name; Stores the next inputted C-string into name. But recall that >> stops reading when it hits whitespace. To read a C-string that contains spaces, see the next slide Aggregate Input of C-Strings (cont d.) To read C-strings with spaces, use a new form of the get function instead of >>. char name[25]; cin.get(name, 25); Stores the next 24 characters from the keyboard (excluding the newline character) into name. If the input string has fewer than 25 characters, reading stops at the newline character. Aggregate Output of C-Strings char name[] = "John"; cout << name; Displays the content of name on the screen. << continues to write the contents of name until it finds the null character. If name does not contain the null character, then strange output may occur. << continues to output data from memory after name until a '\0' is found Why Care About C-Strings? Specifying Input/Output Files at Execution Time In general, the string data type (introduced in C++) is easier to work with than C-strings. So why should you care about C-strings? 1. You may want to read a program written in C. 2. Many C++ programmers still use C- strings, and you may want to read their programs. 3. Some functions in C++ require C-strings rather than the string data type. 23 Example on next two slides User can specify the name of an input and/or output file at execution time: 24 4

5 Specifying Input/Output Files at Execution Time (cont d.) The argument to the open function must be a C-string. If you want to use a string variable for the name of an I/O file, you must convert it to a C-string before calling open. Use the c_str function (in the <string> header file) to convert. Syntax: strvar.c_str() where strvar is a variable of type string. 25 5

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