CS202 Compiler Construction. Christian Skalka. Course prerequisites. Solid programming skills a must.

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1 CS202 Compiler Construction Christian Skalka CS Introduction 1 Course prerequisites CS101 Must be able to read assembly CS103 Understand tree operations basic grammars CS104 Basic data structures CS243 Helpful - more grammar + FA Solid programming skills a must. CS Expectations 2 My specialty: programming language design, type systems Office hours: Tuesday 3:00PM-5:00PM Votey 379 Can schedule extra hours as needed skalka@cs.uvm.edu CS Admin 3 1

2 GTF: Torgeir Lien Lab Hours: Monday 12:15PM-2:15PM Votey 369 Please see Torgeir for programming issues, me for conceptual issues CS Admin 4 Weekly assignments Generally include both written problems and programming Assignments out every Tuesday in class, due next Tuesday at midnight Electronic submission via submit program NO LATE ASSIGNMENTS CS Admin 5 Programming is central to course Programming is in java Program assignments accumulate End up with working compiler Compiles subset of C Generates SPARC code Significant code already written, you complete templates CS Programming 6 2

3 Discussing assignments is permitted Everyone writes their own code See: CS Programming 7 13 assignments during course: 75% grad, 85% undergrad will drop lowest assignment Midterm Exam: 5% Final Exam: 10% Project: 10% Undergrads: either final or project Grads: final and project CS Grading 8 Lectures will cover: Background theory Compiler implementations Material for assignments Slides on course web site Posted in time to print out for class notes Readings for each lecture Recommended; good book, provides insights CS Lectures 9 3

4 Watch the schedule page on the class web site I will update as the semester goes on Please give me emba username Needed for submit program Please give me your effective address I will post announcements/comments/hints to mailing list CS Updates 10 Course is a lot of work Only about working compiler writers in the world at a time A highly specialized craft Why take this class? CS motivation 11 To fulfill a requirement To be well-rounded Component techniques are applicable to wide range of problems Programmers work with compilers Get the most out of your tools Understand error messages Optimize low level code CS why 12 4

5 The C compiler (cc) Traditionally, the bin/cc command: cc myprog.c -o myprog executes 5 programs CS classic bin/cc 13 cpp C preprocessor Resolves #if, #define, #include ccom C compiler itself Produces assembly source file copt (or c2) C optimizer From assembly to assembly as assembler Converts assembly to machine instrs ld linker Links machine instrs, libs CS bin/cc programs 14 ccom consists of multiple pieces: 1. Lexer 2. Parser/type checking 3. Register allocation 4. Code generation CS ccom internals 15 5

6 Classic compiler architecture source file chars lexer words (tokens) parser trees type check trees code gen machine instrs optim machine instrs emitter.o file CS Classic compiler architecture 16 Our compiler (lake compiler) will include Lexer Parser + parse tree construction Type checking Intermediate code generation Canonicalization Code generation Data flow analysis Register allocation Optimization Code emit + runtime support CS lake compiler 17 Two very useful tools: jlex (equivalent to lex/flex) Construct lexer from regular expressions; only need to write regexps. jcup (equivalent to yacc/bison) Construct parser from grammars; only need to write grammars CS tools 18 6

7 Lexing: first step in compiler Turns stream of characters into stream of tokens Ignores many things: Comments White space CS lexing 19 Tokens can have attributes: id or symbol what token is this Value(s) string, float, int Position where in the source code Tokens can be ints (lex) or simple objects (jlex) CS tokens 20 Tokens defined by regular expressions Each class of tokens described by a separate regular expression Token is longest string matching any regular expression Also need expressions for portions that will be ignored (e.g. comments) CS regular expressions 21 7

8 5 basic operations for reg exps: 1. primitive (character) 2. alternatives 3. concatenation 4. ε (nothing) 5. repetition CS regular expressions 22 common notation character stands for itself (nothing) ε a b alternatives ab concatenation a* zero or more a+ one or more CS notation 23 more common notation a? zero or one times [a-z] any character from a to z [^a-c] any character except a to c abc-g literals. any character (except new line) \x x, even if x is special character CS notation 24 8

9 example regular expressions if [0-9]+ [a-za-z_][a-za-z0-9_]* // [^\n]*\n CS examples 25 only consider longest match if8 could be lexed as 2 identifiers and a number (i,f,8) if and number (if,8) 2 identifiers (i, f8) 1 identifier (if8) 1 identifier (if8) is the right choice Always the longest possible match Order of regexp defns matters CS longest match 26 Programs have 3 kinds of statically detectable errors: Lexical character stream matches no tokens Syntactic token stream cannot be parsed into legal abstract syntax tree (AST) Trees are semantically (e.g. type) inconsistent CS errors 27 9

10 Lexer must account for lexical errors Recognize common errors and report them Missing close quotes most common Final regexp. to catch next few chars Error reporting, error recovery CS lexical errors 28 Assignment 1 is very easy Mostly to get used to java Refresh your memory of recursively defined datastructures Download.tar.gz file from web site Includes java code for simple parse tree classes CS assignment 1 29 ParseTree top level abstract class Concrete subclasses: UnaryExp BinaryExp ConstExp CallExp CS ParseTree classes 30 10

11 ParseTree defines function argcount: Returns maximum number of arguments to any function call in the input tree You need to implement argcount in each subclass CS argcount 31 We also include javadoc.html files provides simplistic documentation for classes We suggest starting with ParseTree.html or AllNames.html Java overview is the beginning of next lecture CS javadoc 32 11

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