Number Systems, Scalar Types, and Input and Output
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1 Number Systems, Scalar Types, and Input and Output Outline: Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, and Decimal Numbers Character Set Comments Declaration Data Types and Constants Integral Data Types Floating-Point Numbers
2 Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, and Decimal Binary Binary numbering system has only two possible values for each digit: 0 and 1. For example, binary number decimal number
3 Decimal Numbers Decimal The digits' weight increases by powers of 10. The weighted values for each position is determined as follows: For example, A decimal number 4261 can be thought of as follows. 4 * * * * 1 = = 4261 (decimal)
4 Binary Binary, Octal, Hexadecimal, and Decimal The digits' weight increases by powers of 2. The weighted values for each position is determined as follows: For example, binary 10 is decimal 2. the binary value represents the decimal value * * * * * * * * 1 = = 202 (decimal)
5 Binary Two s Complement The left-most bit is the sign bit. If it is 1, then the number is negative. Otherwise, it is positive. Give a negative value, represent it in binary two s complement form as follows. 1. write the number in its absolute value. 2. complement the binary number. 3. plus 1. Example, represent 2 in binary two s complement with 16 bits for short int. Binary value of 2: 0b Binary complement of 2: 0b Plus 1: +1 Binary two s complement representation of -2: 0b
6 Give binary two s complement form of a negative number, find the absolute value of the negative value as follows. 1. Complement the binary number. 2. Plus 1. Example, find the decimal value of (0b ) 2 in binary two s complement form with 16 bits. Binary two s complement (0b ) 2 Binary complement (0b ) 2 Plus 1 Absolute value: +1 (0b ) 2 = 2 10 Negative value: -2
7 Subtraction of a value in the computer can be treated as addition of its two s complement. For example, the subtraction of (2-2) can be performed as 2+(-2) as follows: 0b (binary representation of 2) 0b (two s complement representation of -2) 0b (2+(-2))
8 Example > short i, j > i = 0b > j = 0b > i+j 0
9 Octal The octal system is based on the binary system with a 3-bit boundary. The octal number system uses base 8 includes 0 through 7. The weighted values for each position is as follows: Binary to Octal Conversion Break the binary number into 3-bit sections from the least significant bit (LSB) to the most significant bit (MSB). Convert the 3-bit binary number to its octal equivalent. For example, the binary value equals to octal value ( ) 8.
10 2. Octal to Binary Conversion Convert the octal number to its 3-bit binary equivalent. Combine all the 3-bit sections. For example, the octal value equals to binary value Octal to Decimal Conversion To convert octal number to decimal number, multiply the value in each position by its octal weight and add each value together. For example, the octal value (167) 8 represents decimal value *64 + 6*8 + 7*1 = 119
11 Hexadecimal Similar to octal, the hexadecimal system is also based on the binary system but using 4-bit boundary. The hexadecimal number system uses base 16 including the digits 0 through 9 and the letters A, B, C, D, E, and F. The letters A through F represent the decimal numbers 10 through 15. For the decimal values from 0 to 15, the corresponding hexadecimal values are listed below. Decimal Hexadecimal F E D C B A
12 The weighted values for each position is as follows: The conversion between binary value and hexadecimal value is similar to octal number,but using four-bit sections. The hexadecimal value 20A represents decimal value * * *1 = 522
13 Following table provides all the information you need to convert from one type number into any other type number for the decimal values from 0 to16. Binary Octal Decimal Hex Binary Octal Decimal Hex A B C D E F
14 Character Set The character set in C includes the following members: the 26 uppercase letters of the Latin alphabet A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z the 26 lowercase letters of the Latin alphabet a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z the 10 decimal digits the following 31 graphic characters! " # % & ' ( ) * +, -. / : ; < = >? [ \ ] ^ _ { } ~ $ `
15 Comments Comments of a C program can be enclosed within a pair of delimiters /* and */. The symbol // will comment out a subsequent text terminated at the end of a line. For example, /* This is a comment */ /* This is a comment across multiple lines */ printf( Hello, world\n ); // This is a comment terminated at the end of line
16 Declaration An identifier for a variable shall consist of lowercase and uppercase letters, underscore _, and digits. It shall not start with digits. A variable has to be declared before it can be used inside a program. The following format can be used to declare a variable of simple type. datatype varname; where datatype is one of valid data types and varname is an identifier. int main() { int i; i = 90; int j; j = 20; return 0; }
17 Data Types and Constants Integer Data Types Integer is a basic data type and can be represented by one of the following data types. char signed char unsigned char short signed short unsigned short int signed int unsigned int long signed long unsigned long long long signed long long unsigned long long
18 The sizeof operator gives the size of types or expression in bytes. One byte equals 8 bits. > int i > sizeof(int) 4 > sizeof(i) 4 > sizeof(2*i) 4 > sizeof(long long) 8
19 Int Data Representation An int data is a signed integer. An int number is a whole number that can be negative, positive, or zero. An int data uses 4 bytes for storage with 1 bit for the sign. The int ranges from INT_MIN to INT_MAX, which are ( 2 31 ) and (2 31 1), respectively. The unsigned int ranges from 0 to UINT_MAX, which is equal to (2 32 1). INT_MAX 0b INT_MIN 0b UINT_MAX 0b
20 Program: limits.c Output: #include <stdio.h> #include <limits.h> Int main() { printf( INT_MAX = %d\n, INT_MAX); printf( INT_MIN = %d\n, INT_MIN); printf( UINT_MAX = %d\n, UINT_MAX); return 0; } INT_MAX = INT_MIN = UINT_MAX =
21 Short Data Representation A short data uses 2 bytes for storage. The macros for minimum and maximum values of signed short are SHRT_MIN and SHRT_MAX defined in header file limits.h. SHRT_MIN is equal to (-2 15 ) and SHRT_MAX is equal to 32767(2 15-1). The macro USHRT_MAX, defined in the header file limits.h, specifies the maximum value of unsigned short. It is equal to 65535(2 16-1).
22 Long Long Data Representation Data of long long integral type contains 8 bytes. They have the similar representation as the data type of int. The long long int ranges from LLONG_MIN to LLONG_MAX, which are LL (-2 63 ) and LL (2 63 1), respectively. The long long int ranges from 0 to ULLONG_MAX, which is
23 Integer Constants An integer can be specified in decimal, binary, octal, or hexadecimal. A leading 0(zero) on an integer constant indicates an octal integer. A leading 0x or 0X indicates a hexadecimal integer. A leading 0b or 0B indicates a binary integer (in Ch only). Example: 30 (decimal) = 036 (octal) = 0X1e or 0x1E (hexadecimal) = 0b11110 or 0B11110 (binary)
24 Example: C:/Ch> int i C:/Ch> i = C:/Ch> i = 0x1e 30 C:/Ch> i = 0b C:/Ch> printf( i = %d\n, i) i = 30 C:/Ch> printf( i = 0%o\n, i) i = 036 C:/Ch> printf( i = 0x%x\n, i) i = 0x1e C:/Ch> printf( i = 0b%b\n, i) i = 0b11110
25 Boolean Type The keyword bool of a declarator in header file stdbool.h can be used to declare variables with boolean data type. For example, the following statement bool b; declares a boolean variable b. A boolean variable only has only two possible values: 1 and 0. Value 1 stands for true and value 0 stands for false. Macro true and false are defined in header file stdbool.h.
26 Char Data Representation The char data are used to store characters such as letters and punctuation. An array of char can be used to store a string. A character is stored as an integer according to a certain numerical code such as the ASCII code that ranges from 0 to 127, which only requires 7 bits to represent it. Typically, a char constant or variable occupies 1-byte (8 bits) of unit memory. Memory Address Binary value Character H e l l o !
27 The macros for minimum and maximum values of signed char are CHAR_MIN and CHAR_MAX defined in header file limits.h. CHAR_MIN is equal to -128(-2 7 ) and CHAR_MAX is equal to 127(2 7-1). The macro UCHAR_MAX, defined in the header file limits.h, specifies the maximum value of unsigned short. It is equal to 255(2 8-1). CHAR_MAX = 127 0b CHAR_MIN = b UCHAR_MAX = 255 0b
28 Character Constants A character constant, stored as an integer, can be written as one character within a pair of single quotes like x. A character constant can be assigned to the variable of type char. For example, > char c = x > c x
29 Escape Characters Escape Code Description \a (alert) Produces an audible or visible alert. The active position shall not be changed. \b (backspace) Moves the active position to the previous position on the current line. \f (form feed) Moves the active position to the initial position at the start of the next logical page. \n (new line) Moves the active position to the initial position of the next line. \r (carriage return) Moves the active position to the initial position of the current line. \t (horizontal tab) Moves the active position to the next horizontal tabulation position on the current line. \v (vertical tab) Moves the active position to the initial position of the next vertical tabulation position. \\ (backslash) Produces a backslash character \. \ (single quote) Produces a single quote character. \ (double quote) Produces a double quote character. \? (question mark) Produces a question mark character?.
30 String Literals A character string literal is a sequence of zero or more multibyte characters enclosed in double quotes, such as xyz. Remember that strings represented as character arrays end with \0. Using an array of characters to define a string variable. > char str1[6] = abcde // The last one is \0 > char str2[] = This is a string.
31 Arithmetic operations of two integers are still an integer > > 3/2 1 > 2/3 0 > 2.0/
32 Floating-Point Types Floating-point numbers have three representations: float, double, and long double. The float data type uses 32 bits (4 bytes) for its storage. The minimum and maximum values of float data type are defined as macros FLT_MIN and FLT_MAX, respectively, in header file float.h. The double data type uses 64 bits(8 bytes) as its storage. The minimum and maximum values of double data type are defined as macros DBL_MIN and DBL_MAX, respectively, in header file float.h The long double should have at least as many bits as double.
33 Metanumbers Below is a list of metanumbers for floating-point numbers and their mathematical equivalent. Metanumbers Mathematical Representation Inf - +Inf + NaN Not-a-Number (Invalid value)
34 Examples for NaN and Inf > 0.0/0.0 nan > 1.0/0.0 inf > -1.0/0.0 -inf > sqrt(4) > sqrt(-4) nan
35 Printing Multiple Numerical Values in a Single Printing Statement Use multiple format specifiers. Each format specifier corresponds to an argument. > printf( integer is %d, floating-point number is %f, 10, 12.34) integer is 10, floating-point number is
36 Precision of Floating-Point Numbers The precision of a floating-point number specifies the number of digits after the decimal point character. The precision typically takes the form of a period (.) followed by an decimal integer. For example, the format %.2f specifies the precision with 2 digits after the decimal point. > printf( %.2f, ) > printf( %.2f, ) > printf( %.20f, 0.2) The fractional part after the specified precision number is rounded up. A floating-point number may not be represented exactly.
37 Field Width of Numbers The field width is the size of a field in which data are printed. An integer width is inserted between % and the conversion specifier to indicate the field width For example, %6d specifies the field width of 6 for an integer, 8.4 specifies a field width of 8 with 4 digits after the decimal point. > printf( %6d, 12) 12 > printf( %8.4f, ) To print a %, use %% in the format string. > printf( 10%% of 100 is 10\n ) 10% of 100 is 10
38 Function scanf() Precise formatting input is accomplished using the input function scanf. The scanf function has following form scanf( format-control-string, arguments ); Format-control-string: Using specifications to describe input format. Each specification begins with a percent sign(%), ends with conversion specifier and is enclosed in quotation marks. The format-control-string is similar to format-control-string discussed in printf function. arguments: pointers to variables in which the input value will be stored.
39 Table below lists the format-control-string of different argument types for function scanf(). Using an extra \n such as %d\n is a common mistake. char short unsigned short int unsigned int long long Argument Type unsigned long long %c %hd %uhd %d %u %lld %ulld Format-Control-String float double string pointer %f %lf %s %p
40 Example: > int i > float f > double d > char c > scanf( %d, &i); 10 > i 10 > scanf( %f, &f); 10.2 > f > scanf( %lf, &d); 15 > d > scanf( %c, &c); a > c a
41 Example: > int i > scanf( %d, &i); // input number in decimal 4261 > Long long l > scanf( %lld, &l); // input into long long number 4261 > l 4261 > scanf( %b, &i); // input number in binary in Ch // or 0b > i 4261 > scanf( %o, &i); // input number in octal // or > i 4261 > scanf( %x, &i); // input number in hexadecimal 10A5 > i 4261 // or 0x10A5 or 0X10A5
42 Example: Program scanf.c /* File: scanfc.c for input and output example */ #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num; double d; } printf("please input an integer and one floating-point number\n); scanf("%d%lf",&num, &d); printf("your input values are %d and %f\n, num, d); return 0; Interactive execution of program scanf.c > scanfc.c Please input one integer and one floating-point number Your input number is 10 and >
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