E-Portfolio. Submitted by: Reneé Dominique M. Castillo. Section: S20A. Date:

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1 E-Portfolio Submitted by: Reneé Dominique M. Castillo Section: S20A Date: March 6, 2014

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11 REFERENCE DETAILS Albacea, E.A. (2003). Concepts in programming languages. Los Banos, Laguna: University of the Philippines Los Banos SUMMARY PARAPHRASE DIRECT QUOTATION R/C/Q A programming language is a system of signs and communication from the user to the computer system. HISTORY: FORTRAN -> Algol- 60 -> Lisp -> COBOL -> APL -> SNOBOL -> BASIC - > Algol-W -> Jovial -> PL/1 -> SIMULA-67 -> Modula-2 -> ADA - > C++ -> Perl -> Python -> Ruby -> PHP -> Java -> Javascript -> Ruby on Rails* * - Bartels, A. (2011). Evolution of computer languages. The Rackspace. Retreived January 26, 2014 from pace.com/blog/inf orgraphicevolution-ofcomputerlanguages/ PARADIGMS: > Imperative languages ~ specify how a computation is performed by sequence of chnages to the random access memory (RAM) ~ tells how computations are solved using a series of " a system for describing computation." (Albacea, 2003, p.1) "pattern for modelling and solving problems." (Albacea, 2003, p.16) > main source/reference for defining "programming languages" > reliable: ~ gave formal definition of "programming languages" ~ gave a gist of the history ~ gave the paradigms and its types ~ gave applications, generations, and levels > gave additional relevant information regarding the history of programming languages

12 changes to the RAM ~ block-structured - principal building block (stack) - Algol-60, Algol- 68, C, Pascal ~ object-based - employ a group of procedures that share data - Ada, Modula, Smalltalk ~ distributed programming - loosely coupled systems > Declarative Languages ~ logic programming - composed of a series of axioms/facts (based from calculus) ~ functional languages - uses functions that return one value from a list of parameters ~ database langauges - relational to design ~ specify what is to be computed ~ tells what would be solved after the computations APPLICATIONS: > scientific computation - FORTRAN, Algol- 60, Algol-68 > data processing

13 - COBOL > artificial intelligence - Lisp, Prolog > text processing - SNOBOL, ICON > system programming - C, Ada, Modula > general purpose - PL/1 GENERATIONS: > 1st generation - low-level > 2nd - early 1960s (Algol-60, BASIC, COBOL, FORTRAN) > 3rd - high-level; late 1960s to present (PL/1, C, Ada, Lisp,...) > 4th - domain specific languages (Visual Basic, Visual C++,...) Computer programming. Retrieved January 26, 2014 from e.cs.uri.edu/fac ulty/wolfe/book /Readings/Readi LEVELS: > machine language - lowest > assembly languages - lowlevel > high-level languages > very high-level languages - 4 GLs ~ Developing a program involves steps similar to any problem-solving task. There are five main ingredients in the programming process: 1) defining the problem 2) planning the solution 3) coding the program 4) testing the program "Programming helps you understand computers." > additional information (definition of programming languages; major programming lang.) to continue the first reference

14 ng13.htm > natural - 5GLs; "natural" spoken English MAJOR PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: > FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC, Pascal, Ada, C, C++, Java, Javascript 5) documenting the program -> recall from first reference (one-way communication) ~ Before proceeding, it is better to know what programmers do (no matter what language they are using/are "fluent" in). First of all, defining the problem. Programmers need to determine the real goal of the soon-to-be program. Secondly, they plan the solution by creating an algorithm/flowchart. Afterwards, coding and testing the program would be done repeatedly until desired output/objective is attained. Until then, documentation will be made.

15 Farrell, J. (2011). An objectoriented approach to programming logic and design. (3rd ed., p. 6). United States: Course Technology. (2012). Development of low-level languages. Programming Language. United States: Pearson Education. Retrieved January 26, 2014 from please.com/enc yclopedia/scienc e/programminglanguagedevelopmentlow-levellanguages.html > 1st generation - called "machine languages" - uses binary (1s and 0s) for operations then improved to octal, deciaml, and hexadecimal > 2nd generation - "impractical, symbolic, or assembly languages" - uses simple mnemonics (A for addition; M for multiplication) "Newer language statements look much more like natural language Newer languages allow programmers to give meaningful names to memory locations instead of using memory addresses Newer programming languages allow the creation of selfcontained modules or program segments that can be pieced together in a variety of ways." (Farrell, 2011, p.6) > showed what evolved programming languages offer > further elaborated what low-level languages are

16 (2012).Evolution of high-level languages. Programming Language. United States: Pearson Education. Retrieved January 26, 2014 from please.com/enc yclopedia/scienc e/programminglanguageevolution-highlevellanguages.html (Ed).(2014). Quality requirements. computer programming. Retrieved from dia.org/wiki/co mputer_progra mming > 3rd generation - "high-level languages" - solves a particular type of problem and needs a compiler to make the program code run - FORTRAN, LISP, COBOL, ALGOL, APL, PL/1, BASIC, ADA, Pascal, C, C++ > 4th generation - nonprocedural by specifying what is to be done without showing it came to be - FORTH, PROLOG, GPSS, SNOBOL, LOGO, PILOT, Occam ~ Whatever the approach to development may be, the final program must satisfy some fundamental properties. The following properties are among the most relevant: > Reliability: how often the results of a program are correct. This depends on conceptual correctness of algorithms, and minimization of programming mistakes, such as mistakes in resource management (e.g., buffer overflows and race conditions) and logic errors (such as division by zero or off-by-one errors). > Robustness: how well a program anticipates problems due to errors (not bugs). This includes situations such as incorrect, inappropriate or > One the other hand, this reference further elaborated the development of high-level languages. > gave the importance of possessing the ease and quality of usage for the programmer and the user themselves

17 corrupt data, unavailability of needed resources such as memory, operating system services and network connections, user error, and unexpected power outages. > Usability: the ergonomics of a program: the ease with which a person can use the program for its intended purpose or in some cases even unanticipated purposes. Such issues can make or break its success even regardless of other issues. This involves a wide range of textual, graphical and sometimes hardware elements that improve the clarity, intuitiveness, cohesiveness and completeness of a program's user interface. > Portability: the range of computer hardware and operating system platforms on which the source code of a program can be compiled/interpreted and run. This depends on differences in the programming facilities provided by the different platforms, including hardware and operating system resources, expected behavior of the hardware and operating system, and availability of platform specific compilers (and sometimes libraries) for the language of the source code. > Maintainability: the ease with which a program can be modified by its present or future developers in order to make improvements or customizations, fix bugs and security holes, or adapt it to

18 new environments. Good practices during initial development make the difference in this regard. This quality may not be directly apparent to the end user but it can significantly affect the fate of a program over the long term. > Efficiency/performance: the amount of system resources a program consumes (processor time, memory space, slow devices such as disks, network bandwidth and to some extent even user interaction): the less, the better. This also includes careful management of resources, for example cleaning up temporary files and eliminating memory leaks. ~ Updated programming languages need to be more developed and have to achieve better aspects especially for their quality requirements. First quality requirement is reliability. This can be obtained by depending on the correctness of algorithms and minimization of mistakes (like buffer overflow, race conditions, and off-by-one errors). Second is robustness, wherein it shows how well a program performs problems due to errors and not bugs. Third is usability which shows the ergonomics of a program. Ergonomics, in this matter, is the ease experienced by the person who uses the program. Fourthly, portability is having no difficulty with the range of the computer hardware and its system as it performs compilation and running of

19 Merriam- Webster dictionary. Retrieved January 26, 2014 from rriamwebster.com/di ctionary/flexible the program's source code. It depends on the programming facilities (such as the hardware and system), their behavior and the compilers as well as the libraries available for the language or the system itself. Fifth is the maintainability which shows how much ease can be grasped with the program/s' modification for errors and bugs and/or improvements. Sixth and lastly, efficiency/performance is the amount of time and memory it takes from the system (processor and space, respectively). It is important to take note that the less time and memory it takes, the better. flexible - "characterized by a ready capability to adapt to new, different, or changing requirements" > gave the formal and full definition of the word "flexible" Harris, B. (Ed). (2014). What are some of the different computer programming languages?. Conjecture Corporation. Retrieved Jnauary 26, 2014 from egeek.com/wha t-are-some-of- > Visual BASIC - high-level programming language by Microsoft - came from BASIC > Pascal - by Professor Niklaus Wirth - imperative > FORTRAN - general purpose - made by IBM > C++ - high-level > gave additional information for some specific and famous languages

20 the-differentcomputerprogramminglanguages.htm - general purpose - by Bjarne Stroustrup for UNIX

21 Rev Chart: 0 FIRST DRAFT SECOND DRAFT Number of Words Number of Paragraphs 5 5 Main Idea Thesis Statement Main idea is that a flexible or universal platform for all programming languages is possible yet it requires different aspects and quality points to attain such a level. Although there are different programming languages, a flexible program can be done by sustaining paradigms - object-oriented, blockstructured, and such - through updating wherein the programmer will have ease in creating any kind of program; but none has ever been done. A programming language is a system of signs and communication from the user to the computer system. It is also "a system for describing computation" (Albacea, 2003, p. 1) and helps us understand computers. A brief history on how programming languages started will help us understand the points to be given, more. The first ever successful and functional programming language is FORTRAN. Then came Algol-60, Lisp, COBOL, APL, SNOBOL, BASIC, Algol-W, Jovial, and PL/1. The aforementioned programming languages belong to the first and second generations (made from 1950s to the early 1960s). Meanwhile, A flexible platform or a universal programming language is possible to create there is a question in mind whether it would be efficient and effective or not. Although there are different programming languages, a flexible program can be done by sustaining paradigms - object-oriented, blockstructured, and such - through updating wherein the programmer will have ease in creating any kind of program; but none has ever been done. A programming language is a system of signs and communication from the user to the computer system. It is also "a system for describing computation" (Albacea, 2003, p. 1) and helps us understand computers. A brief history on how programming languages started will help us understand the points to be given, more. The first ever successful and functional programming language is FORTRAN. Then came Algol-60, Lisp, COBOL, APL, SNOBOL, BASIC, Algol-W, Jovial, and PL/1. The aforementioned programming languages belong to the first and second generations (made from 1950s to the early 1960s). Meanwhile,

22 the SIMULA-67, Algol-68, Pascal, C, Prolog, Smalltalk, Modula-2, ADA, C++, Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, Javascript, and Ruby on Rails are from the third, fourth and fifth generations (from late 1960s to present). There are different perspectives wherein programmers do the procedure but the following are the general ways: First, defining the problem. Programmers need to determine the real goal of the soon-tobe program to have an idea on what to do. Secondly, they plan the solution by creating an algorithm or flowchart to have some kind of outline. Afterwards, coding and testing the program would be done repeatedly until the desired output/objective is attained. Until then, documentation will be made. There were tons of mentioned programming languages but can a universal program cover all paradigms and aspects? Different programming languages are also classified according to their level, applications, generations, and paradigms. A flexible program should be able to cover all of these. Levels of programming languages specify its capability or capacity on what it can do. The lowest ones are called machine languages and these were made during the so-called first generation. These use binary (1s and 0s) for operations then soon improved to octal, hexadecimal, and decimal. The second level, called impractical, symbolic, or assembly languages, is still considered low-level and these are under the second generation. These use simple mnemonics such as A for addition and M for multiplication. The third generation the SIMULA-67, Algol-68, Pascal, C, Prolog, Smalltalk, Modula-2, ADA, C++, Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, Javascript, and Ruby on Rails are from the third, fourth and fifth generations (from late 1960s to present). There are different perspectives wherein programmers do the procedure but the following are the general ways: First, defining the problem. Programmers need to determine the real goal of the soon-tobe program to have an idea on what to do. Secondly, they plan the solution by creating an algorithm or flowchart to have some kind of outline. Afterwards, coding and testing the program would be done repeatedly until the desired output/objective is attained. Until then, documentation will be made. There were tons of mentioned programming languages but can a universal program cover all paradigms and aspects? Different programming languages are also classified according to their level, applications, generations, and paradigms. A flexible program should be able to cover all of these. Levels of programming languages specify its capability or capacity on what it can do. The lowest ones are called machine languages and these were made during the so-called first generation. These use binary (1s and 0s) for operations then soon improved to octal, hexadecimal, and decimal. The second level, called impractical, symbolic, or assembly languages, is still considered low-level and these are under the second generation. These use simple mnemonics such as A for addition and M for multiplication. The third generation

23 is where the high-level programming languages start to exist. They solve a particular type of problem and need a compiler to make the program s source code work. Famous examples are FORTRAN, C, C++, BASIC, COBOL, and ALGOL. Very high-level programming languages are classified under the fourth generation wherein it is nonprocedural specifies what is done by not showing how it was done. Examples are FORTH, PROLOG, SNOBOL, and LOGO. Lastly, the natural programming languages are said to be the fifth generation and it got its name from its quality of having natural spoken English in it. In line with this information, another aspect of programming languages is a paradigm which is defined as pattern for modelling and solving problems (Albacea, 2003, p. 16). There are two language paradigms: imperative and declarative. Imperative languages tell how computations are solved using a series of changes to the RAM (or Random Access Memory). There are three types under this paradigm. First, block-structured languages. They consist the principal building block or stack and is where the high-level programming languages start to exist. They solve a particular type of problem and need a compiler to make the program s source code work. Famous examples are FORTRAN, C, C++, BASIC, COBOL, and ALGOL. Very high-level programming languages are classified under the fourth generation wherein it is nonprocedural specifies what is done by not showing how it was done. Examples are FORTH, PROLOG, SNOBOL, and LOGO. Lastly, the natural programming languages are said to be the fifth generation and it got its name from its quality of having natural spoken English in it. Another aspect of programming languages is a paradigm which is defined as pattern for modelling and solving problems (Albacea, 2003, p. 16). There are two language paradigms: imperative and declarative. Imperative languages tell how computations are solved using a series of changes to the RAM (or Random Access Memory). There are three types under this paradigm. First, block-structured languages. They consist the principal building block or stack and examples of this are Algol-60, Algol-68,

24 examples of this are Algol-60, Algol-68, C, and Pascal. Second, object-based languages employ a group of procedures that share data and Ada, Modula, and Smalltalk are examples of this. Third, distributed programming languages are loosely coupled systems. Although there are three types under imperative, it is possible for some programming languages to possess more than one - such as Ada (block-structured and object-based). The other language paradigm declarative however, has a higher level than imperative and tells what would be solved after the computations. There are three types under this paradigm: logic, functional, and database. Logic programming is composed of a series of axioms or facts (based from calculus); functional languages use functions that return one value from a list of parameters; and database languages are relational to design. Aside from aspects, different applications are taken into consideration for creating a flexible programming language. Scientific computation is applied by FORTRAN, Algol-60, Algol-68 and such. While COBOL does data processing and Lisp and Prolog applies artificial intelligence. SNOBOL and ICON are for text processing and C, Ada, and Modula are for system programming. While PL/1 is known for general purpose. Newer language statements look much more like natural language Newer languages allow programmers to give meaningful names to memory locations instead of memory addresses Newer programming languages allow the creation of self-contained modules or program segments that can be pieced together in a variety of ways. (Farrell, 2011, p. 6) Based on Farrell's statement, C, and Pascal. Second, object-based languages employ a group of procedures that share data and Ada, Modula, and Smalltalk are examples of this. Third, distributed programming languages are loosely coupled systems. Although there are three types under imperative, it is possible for some programming languages to possess more than one - such as Ada (block-structured and object-based). The other language paradigm declarative however, has a higher level than imperative and tells what would be solved after the computations. There are three types under this paradigm: logic, functional, and database. Logic programming is composed of a series of axioms or facts (based from calculus); functional languages use functions that return one value from a list of parameters; and database languages are relational to design. Aside from aspects, different applications are taken into consideration for creating a flexible programming language. Scientific computation is applied by FORTRAN, Algol-60, Algol-68 and such. While COBOL does data processing and Lisp and Prolog applies artificial intelligence. SNOBOL and ICON are for text processing and C, Ada, and Modula are for system programming. While PL/1 is known for general purpose. Newer language statements look much more like natural language Newer languages allow programmers to give meaningful names to memory locations instead of memory addresses Newer programming languages allow the creation of self-contained modules or program segments that can be pieced together in a variety of ways. (Farrell, 2011, p. 6) Based on Farrell's statement, newer languages have more important improvements and major updates and innovation as time passes by. They also

25 newer languages have more important improvements and major updates and innovation as time passes by. They also need to be more developed and have to achieve better aspects especially for their quality requirements. These would be needed to attain one flexible program as well. First quality requirement is reliability. This can be obtained by depending on the correctness of algorithms and minimization of mistakes (like buffer overflow, race conditions, and off-byone errors). Second is robustness, wherein it shows how well a program performs problems due to errors and not bugs. Third is usability which shows the ergonomics of a program. Ergonomics, in this matter, is the ease experienced by the person who uses the program. Fourthly, portability is having no difficulty with the range of the computer hardware and its system as it performs compilation and running of the program's source code. It depends on the programming facilities (such as the hardware and system), their behavior and the compilers as well as the libraries available for the language or the system itself. Fifth is the maintainability which shows how much ease can be grasped with the program/s' modification for errors and bugs and/or improvements. Sixth and lastly, efficiency/performance is the amount of time and memory it takes from the system (processor and space, respectively). It is important to take note that the less time and memory it takes, the better. need to be more developed and have to achieve better aspects especially for their quality requirements. These would be needed to attain one flexible program as well. First quality requirement is reliability. This can be obtained by depending on the correctness of algorithms and minimization of mistakes (like buffer overflow, race conditions, and off-byone errors). Second is robustness, wherein it shows how well a program performs problems due to errors and not bugs. Third is usability which shows the ergonomics of a program. Ergonomics, in this matter, is the ease experienced by the person who uses the program. Fourthly, portability is having no difficulty with the range of the computer hardware and its system as it performs compilation and running of the program's source code. It depends on the programming facilities (such as the hardware and system), their behavior and the compilers as well as the libraries available for the language or the system itself. Fifth is the maintainability which shows how much ease can be grasped with the program/s' modification for errors and bugs and/or improvements. Sixth and lastly, efficiency/performance is the amount of time and memory it takes from the system (processor and space, respectively). It is important to take note that the less time and memory it takes, the better. Flexibility is the "ability to be easily modified" and "willingness to change or compromise". Another term that can be used for this matter is "universal" - defined as "adjustable to or appropriate for all requirements". In other words, a flexible or universal platform of a programming language can cover all the quality requirements and is probably considered the highest level and latest generation of programming (assuming

26 that it will execute successfully). Additionally, this so-called universal programming language would also be able to cover all applications needed by the society and all of the paradigms. But then for this matter, why is there no flexible/universal programming language? It might have been almost impossible to create such because all of the levels, paradigms, and applications are complicated and vary differently from each other. It is possible to have one to exist that would eventually possess all the aspects and elements. Although, there is no reassurance if it would be effective in all aspects that would concentrate on good quality. Notes Reflection 1) Define flexibilty or universality of programming languages 2) Plug in at least one sentence in each paragraph that refers to the flexibility of the platform to act as a relational or transitional device to the thesis statement. In creating the first draft and with the notes and critiques regarding the way how I wrote it, they made me realize that I have some misconceptions to be clarified later on. I lacked transitional devices to connect all of my paragraphs - which would support the thesis statement. I also discovered the abilities that I had in writing which were referred to our professor as something pleasant 1) Remove the verbal or oral statements. 2) Omit the statements that depict personal opinion. 3) Merge the paragraphs that have the same idea. Through the revision phase, I realized that the errors I committed were somehow shallow and made me kind of frustrated that I should have been able to see them earlier. However, after editing my paper, I also realized that I should give attention to my carelessness regarding these and that I should be able to properly combine the ideas in paragraphs.

27 but needs little improvements.

28 Entrance and Exit Essays: Entrance Essay Exit Essay Colonial Mentality What is colonial mentality? It is the issue involving social, political, economical, and many more matters. It is where a more powerful colony or country takes over another nation (rather weak) by influencing them with their economy or products, programs, and services. In the Philippines, we are known to be colonized by the nation/ss from the West or also known as America. This is not the only country that causes such issue but as well as China, Japan, Germany, etc. although this is the main one. We are always sent so-called imported products from the said country. And as expected, Filipinos choose these over localmade products. Why is that? They are proven to have better quality, mainly, whether it is food or clothing. They are made with better materials and components. There is nothing wrong with choosing and picking what is best for you and your loved ones. But choosing the products and services from abroad most of the time that is colonial mentality. This means your mind and perception regarding your own and what s theirs is more preoccupied with the other side. This issue influences ourselves badly because we tend to fit in with what s in or hip, we also tend to Finish the Contagion Colonial mentality is having the mindset or the characteristic of a fixed perception of choosing products and services of the abroad over locally made. It possesses a very powerful influence to people and it spreads worldwide like a plague or contagion. This issue is something significant because it greatly affects countries and nations economy and social status. IT causes both positive and negative effects positive for the more powerful colonies; and negative for the less powerful. A strong example of this issue would be the Philippines and the Filipinos themselves. Colonial mentality is one of the reasons why Philippines has an unsatisfactory performance in international economy. Obviously, Filipinos choose the Western products, services, and channels over the local ones. By simple asking what would one choose among the choices, there are times wherein local products and services do not belong to the choices. It is somehow a shame for the country to have this point of view because it decreases and even lacks people s love and respect for the country. Filipinos and as well as victims of this issue should prioritize their local products first because the country s progress depends on them

29 decrease our love for the country. As our love for the nation and country decreases, its economy, social status, political and educational fields also decrease. Not only of the programs and services, but also with its quality. If this continues, the country will go poor and will have to depend on a more powerful nation which will eventually be a shame. In my opinion, this is a social issue that should be focused on because this is apparently a large factor that affects the country s aspects. One solution that I thought of is to equalize (or at least near or similar to it) the quality that our local products and services possess to the impressive quality made by the abroad. This may be easy to say but difficult to do but it s a start. And by then, our country should start promoting and marketing our improved (or not) local products to the citizens. And hopefully with these, colonial mentality will start to decrease (causing the country s aspects to increase positively) until the society can stand on its own. Colonial mentality is not the only issue we are having. We also have the issues how we treat homosexuals, of the use and abuse of social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter, of how we treat and think of the poor/less fortunate, of the racism with different or opposite types of humans, of the inequality of rights, and so much more. These issues or flaws in society should be put to an end with a just and rightful conclusion. Colonial mentality is what I chose because I know that everyone (or at least most of us) are possessing this attitude. A simple asking and answering of choosing which over which is an act of colonial mentality. Sometimes, the locals are not even added as one of the choices. I believe that our own-made products and services should and deserve to have a spot to compete with other imported products. We should be proud of what we have because these are made with hardwork. And we should not be proud of what we don t make (imported goods) because in the first place, and most of the time, we were not a part of it. Issues such as this have to end before they get worse. too. One of the options would be trying to equalize the quality of the products and services to the imported ones. Through this way, it is possible for Filipinos to finally realize and understand that our locally made productions have the ability to compete with the stronger colonies especially the Western s (or America s). Aside from America, there are other powerful colonies as well, such as Japan, China, Singapore, France, Germany, and many more. This particular issue is considered social because as aforementioned, it possesses a great influence in changing people s mindsets and it spreads massively. This contagion should be put to an end to stop further negative consequences by prioritizing locals first by pushing it to be as good as the imported ones for the better sake of the country, citizens and their loved ones. Around the world, there are more issues to be taken into attention too like the homosexuality, agreement between the church and the theories of science, technology s advanced significances and disadvantages, and one of the most famous racism. These contagions would only end if people exert enough effort. The world s status depends on our hands.

30 Reflective Essay: In my opinion, ENGLCOM-WC has been a great jumpstart and has given us a stable and good foundation wherein we learned how to write, cite, research properly. Through our professor s relevant and significant lectures and discussions, I was able to have my misconceptions cleared up. One of which is incorrectly defining essential terms. I used to define and give meaning to the terms only when they are mentioned no matter where they are stated. I learned that defining terms should be done already from the very start/introduction. Another misconception is also lacking the thesis statement unconsciously. I was able to learn that every paragraph should have a topic sentence and when these sentences are combined, they would support the thesis statement. The last cleared misconception is the improper use of researched data and information from reliable references. I did not use much research in my previous paper to support the point/s I wanted to emphasize. After knowing and researching for tons of sources, I was able to build a good foundation and support for the topic with enough facts and statistics. These misconceptions were clarified through our respective professor s helpful discussions and lectures and as well as her pieces of advice and guidance during revision of paper.

31 I was also able to encounter writing difficulties in creating my extended definition and argumentative essays. One of which is that I lacked reliable information and research in my first draft for the extended definition. Through more thorough research, I was able to support my topic more with proper citation. There are times wherein I would also unconsciously state fallacies and commit errors regarding own perception and perspective. In one of our professor s lectures, I learned the different kinds of fallacies and errors that I should prevent. I also realized that I should not support only one side. I should expose and support all points, arguments, and sides without stating my side. On the first day of ENGLCOM-WC, the class was asked to write an entrance essay. And on the other hand, the class was asked to make an exit essay on the last week. Comparing the two works, I can say that I had major improvement in the fields of proper introduction of essential terms, smooth flow of stating the significant points and straight-to-the-point discussions. A major factor that contributed to the improvements is our professor s guidance throughout the editing and revisions of our essays. I believe I was able to achieve significant lessons that absolutely improved my skills in academic writing and reading, critical thinking, and logic. While writing my extended definition essay, I was able to learn how to properly research and cite the dependable references to support my topic. On the other hand, I was able to think about and as well as research enough sides, arguments and claims in my argumentative essay. And also, when I made my portfolios, I was able to see the improvements and revisions throughout my drafts and final output. Beyond all this, I know that I will be able to use everything that I learned in my future papers and even reports.

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