Lecture 2 Arrays, Searching and Sorting (Arrays, multi-dimensional Arrays)
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1 Lecture 2 Arrays, Searching and Sorting (Arrays, multi-dimensional Arrays)
2 In this lecture, you will: Learn about arrays Explore how to declare and manipulate data into arrays Understand the meaning of array index out of bounds Become familiar with the restrictions on array processing Discover how to pass an array as a parameter to a function Learn how to implement dynamic array Discover how to manipulate data in a two-dimensional array, multidimensional arrays Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 2
3 In this lecture, you will: Learn how to implement the sequential search algorithm Explore how to sort an array using the bubble sort Explore how to sort an array using the selection sort, and insertion sort algorithms Learn how to implement the binary search algorithm Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 3
4 A data type is called simple if variables of that type can store only one value at a time A structured data type is one in which each data item is a collection of other data items Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 4
5 Array: a collection of a fixed number of components wherein all of the components have the same data type In a one-dimensional array, the components are arranged in a list form Syntax for declaring a one-dimensional array: intexp evaluates to a positive integer call Index Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 5
6 Example: int num[5]; Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 6
7 General syntax: where indexexp, called an index, is any expression whose value is a nonnegative integer Index value specifies the position of the component in the array [] is the array subscripting operator The array index always starts at 0 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 7
8 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 8
9 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 9
10 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 10
11 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 11
12 Some basic operations performed on a onedimensional array are: Initializing Inputting data Outputting data stored in an array Finding the largest and/or smallest element Each operation requires ability to step through the elements of the array Easily accomplished by a loop Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 12
13 Consider the declaration int list[100]; //array of size 100 int i; Using for loops to access array elements: for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1 //process list[i] //Line 2 Example: for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) //Line 1 cin >> list[i]; //Line 2 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 13
14 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 14
15 If we have the statements: double num[10]; int i; The component num[i] is valid if i = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 The index of an array is in bounds if the index >=0 and the index <= ARRAY_SIZE-1 Otherwise, we say the index is out of bounds In C++, there is no guard against indices that are out of bounds Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 15
16 Arrays can be initialized during declaration In this case, it is not necessary to specify the size of the array Size determined by the number of initial values in the braces Example: double sales[] = {12.25, 32.50, 16.90, 23, 45.68}; Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 16
![The statement: int list[10] = {0}; declares list to be an array of 10 components and initializes all of them to zero The statement: int list[10] = {8, 5, 12}; declares list to be an array of 10](/docs-images/81/82832567/images/17-1.jpg "components, initializes list[0] to 8, list[1] to 5, list[2] to 12 and all other components are initialized to 0 Malik, D.")
17 The statement: int list[10] = {0}; declares list to be an array of 10 components and initializes all of them to zero The statement: int list[10] = {8, 5, 12}; declares list to be an array of 10 components, initializes list[0] to 8, list[1] to 5, list[2] to 12 and all other components are initialized to 0 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 17
![The statement: int list[] = {5, 6, 3}; declares list to be an array of 3 components and initializes list[0] to 5, list[1] to 6, and list[2] to 3 The statement: double sales[25]= {4.5, 7.](/docs-images/81/82832567/images/18-1.jpg "2}; declares an array of 25 components; initializes list[0] to 4 and list[1] to 7; all other components are initialized to 0 Malik, D.")
18 The statement: int list[] = {5, 6, 3}; declares list to be an array of 3 components and initializes list[0] to 5, list[1] to 6, and list[2] to 3 The statement: double sales[25]= {4.5, 7.2}; declares an array of 25 components; initializes list[0] to 4 and list[1] to 7; all other components are initialized to 0 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 18
19 Consider the following statements: C++ does not allow aggregate operations on an array: Solution: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 19
20 The following is illegal too: Solution: The following statements are legal, but do not give the desired results: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 20
21 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 21
22 Arrays are passed by reference only The symbol & is not used when declaring an array as a formal parameter The size of the array is usually omitted If provided, it is ignored by the compiler Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 22
23 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 23
![The base address of an array is the address, or memory location of the first array component If list is a one-dimensional array, its base address is the address of list[0] When we](/docs-images/81/82832567/images/24-1.jpg "pass an array as a parameter, the base address of the actual array is passed to the formal parameter Malik, D.")
24 The base address of an array is the address, or memory location of the first array component If list is a one-dimensional array, its base address is the address of list[0] When we pass an array as a parameter, the base address of the actual array is passed to the formal parameter Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 24
25 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 25
26 C++ does not allow functions to return a value of the type array Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 26
27 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 27
28 Dynamic array: array created during the execution of a program Example: int *p; p = new int[10]; *p = 25; p++; //to point to next array component *p = 35; stores 25 into the first memory location stores 35 into the first memory location C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 28
29 C++ allows us to use array notation to access these memory locations The statements: p[0] = 25; p[1] = 35; store 25 and 35 into the first and second array components, respectively C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 29
30
31 The value of list (1000) is constant Cannot be altered during program execution The increment and decrement operations cannot be applied to list If p is a pointer variable of type int, then: p = list; copies the value of list, the base address of the array, into p We can perform ++ and -- operations on p An array name is a constant pointer C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 31
32
33 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 33
34 Two-dimensional array: collection of a fixed number of components (of the same type) arranged in two dimensions Sometimes called matrices or tables Declaration syntax: where intexp1 and intexp2 are expressions yielding positive integer values, and specify the number of rows and the number of columns, respectively, in the array Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 34
35 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 35
36 Syntax: where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are expressions yielding nonnegative integer values, and specify the row and column position Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 36
37 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 37
38 Two-dimensional arrays can be initialized when they are declared: Elements of each row are enclosed within braces and separated by commas All rows are enclosed within braces For number arrays, if all components of a row aren t specified, unspecified ones are set to 0 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 38
39 Ways to process a two-dimensional array: Process the entire array Process a particular row of the array, called row processing Process a particular column of the array, called column processing Each row and each column of a twodimensional array is a one-dimensional array To process, use algorithms similar to processing one-dimensional arrays Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 39
40 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 40
41 To initialize row number 4 (i.e., fifth row) to 0 To initialize the entire matrix to 0: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 41
42 To output the components of matrix: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 42
43 To input data into each component of matrix: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 43
44 To find the sum of row number 4 of matrix: To find the sum of each individual row: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 44
45 To find the sum of each individual column: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 45
46 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 46
47 Before: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 47
48 To reverse both the diagonals: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 48
49 After: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 49
50 Two-dimensional arrays can be passed as parameters to a function Pass by reference Base address (address of first component of the actual parameter) is passed to formal parameter Two-dimensional arrays are stored in row order When declaring a two-dimensional array as a formal parameter, can omit size of first dimension, but not the second Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 50
51 Function Prototype: void PrintArray (int a[] [3]); Function Calling: Int x[5] [3]; PrintArray (x); Function definiation: void PrintArray (int m[] [3]){ } Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 51
52 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 52
53 Multidimensional array: collection of a fixed number of elements (called components) arranged in n dimensions (n >= 1) Also called an n-dimensional array Declaration syntax: To access a component: Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 53
54 When declaring a multidimensional array as a formal parameter in a function Can omit size of first dimension but not other dimensions As parameters, multidimensional arrays are passed by reference only A function cannot return a value of the type array There is no check if the array indices are within bounds Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 54
55 Malik, D.S, C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Third Edition 55
56 To search a list, you need: The list (array) containing the list List length Item to be found After the search is completed If found: Report success Location where the item was found If not found, report failure C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 56
57 Sequential search: search a list for an item Compare search item with other elements until either: Item is found List has no more elements left Average number of comparisons made by the sequential search equals half the list size Good only for very short lists C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 57
58 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 58
59 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 59
60 Suppose list is a list of n elements In n-1 iterations compare elements list[index] and list[index + 1] If list[index] > list[index + 1], then swap them C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 60
61 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 61
62 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 62
63 For a list of length n, on average, a bubble sort makes n(n 1)/2 key comparisons C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 63
64 Selection sort: rearrange list by selecting an element and moving it to its proper position Find the smallest (or largest) element and move it to the beginning (end) of the list C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 64
65 On successive passes, locate the smallest item in the list starting from the next element C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 65
66 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 66
67 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 67
68 The insertion sort algorithm sorts the list by moving each element to its proper place C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 68
69 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 69
70
71 Average key comparisons: (n 2 + 3n 4)/4 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 71
72 Binary search can be applied to sorted lists Uses the divide and conquer technique Compare search item to middle element If search item is less than middle element, restrict the search to the lower half of the list Otherwise search the upper half of the list C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 72
73 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 73
74 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 74
75 C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 75
76 Every iteration cuts size of search list in half If list L has 1000 items At most 11 iterations are needed to search for x Every iteration makes two key comparisons Binary search makes at most 22 key comparisons to determine if x is in L Sequential search makes 500 key comparisons (average) to determine if x is in L for the same size list C++ Programming: From Problem Analysis to Program Design, Fourth Edition 76
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