Main Program. C Programming Notes. #include <stdio.h> main() { printf( Hello ); } Comments: /* comment */ //comment. Dr. Karne Towson University
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1 C Programming Notes Dr. Karne Towson University Reference for C Main Program #include <stdio.h> main() printf( Hello ); Comments: /* comment */ //comment 1
2 Data Types int (integer type, positive and negative numbers; 4 bytes) short (short type, positive and negative numbers; 2 bytes) long (long type, positive and negative numbers; 4 bytes) unsigned int (unsigned integer type, unsigned numbers; 4 bytes) unsigned char (unsigned char type, 8 bit number; 1 byte) unsigned short (unsigned short type, 16 bit numbers, 2 bytes) unsigned long (unsigned long type, 32 bit numbers, 4 bytes) float (floaring point type, real numbers; 4 bytes) double (double type, real numbers; 8 bytes) char (char type, 8 bit ASCII characters; 1 byte) 2
3 Escape Sequence \b move back one space \n move to next line (0x0a) \r carriage return (0x0d) \t tab \ single quote Arithmetic Operators + add - subtract (binary operator) * multiply / divide % remainder - negation (unary operator) Operator Precedence Unary (-) * / % + - 3
4 Printf() Statement Format %d decimal %f float %lf long float %x hexadecimal %10.3f floating point 10 digits, 3 digits after decimal %6d 6 decimal digits %c character %s string Variables and Declarations A variable name must begin with a letter or underscore (_), contain letters, underscores, or digits - no blanks, commas, or special symbols - can t be a reserved word - upto 31 characters int i; int i2 = 0; long l1 = 0; char c1 = A ; double d1=12.3; 4
5 float f1 = 0.2; i2 = i * ; i++; i--; ++i; --i; //assignment //post increment //pre-increment Statement is terminated by a semicolon. A block consists of zero to many statements (compound statement) //block //statements Variables have addresses; &i is the address of i variable int *i; //integer pointer, i needs an address char *c; //character pointer, c needs an address int i3; //variable i3 I = &i3; //i3 address is assigned to i pointer c = malloc(100); //allocate 100 bytes of memory and assign this memory address to c 5
6 Constants #define pi #define sales_tax 0.05 const int VALUE = 33; //type checked Flow Control Relational Expressions Age > 40 Day!= 5 Length <= 50 (operand, relational operator, operand) id == 682 (Watch for == and = ) All expressions evaluate to true or false. < > <= >= ==!= && and condition or condition! not condition 6
7 Logical Operators (used to perform operations) OR & AND! NOT IF-ELSE if (expression) statement; else statement; ELSE is optional. if (tax <= 2000) taxes = 0.02 * tax; else taxes = 0.04*tax; Nested if s can be used to check nested conditions. 7
8 The Switch Statement switch (expression) //expression evaluates to an integer //start of switch block case value1: break; //breaks from switch block case value2: break; more case statements default: //default value comes here statements; break; //end of switch block KEY WORDS: switch, case, default, break 8
9 FOR LOOP for (initializing list; expression; altering list) statement (compound statement); for (count = 2; count <= 20; count = count + 2) printf ( %d, count); WHILE LOOP count = 0; while (flag == 0) do something; if (count == 100) flag = 1; //terminate count++; DO WHILE do do something; count++; while count < 100; 9
10 break statement Forces an immediate break or exit from a switch, while, for, or do_while. continue statement Similar to break statement, but applies only to loops for, while, do_while. continue is used to skip an iteration in a loop it will go back to beginning of the loop. Functions and Arguments passing values or data to a function return values or data from a function pass parameters by value or by reference (pass an address) pass by value do not change values in the called function, pass by reference can change values in the called function Standard library functions stdio.h Mathematical library functions math.h String library functions string.h So many functions in OS libraries.. 10
11 getchar() putchar() abs() labs() fabs() pow() rand() sin() cosin() square() sqrt() stracat() strchr() strcpy() strlen() isalpha() isupper() islower() isdigit() toupper() tolower() 11
12 C-functions are independent modules. It is a closed box. Variables within the function body are hidden from other functions. - Local variables - Global variables Variables have scope. The scope of a variable defines the location within a program where that variable can be used. auto, static, extern, register classes for variables If no scope is defined, then the default is auto scope. local variables can be only member of auto, static, or register static variable is not created and destroyed each time The instantiation of static variables (both local and global) is done only once, when the program is first compiled. Register variables have same time duration as auto. Register variables are located in CPU registers. Local, auto, static are located in memory. Global variables, external variables are created external to functions; can be static or extern. 12
13 FILE FUNCTIONS Files must be opened before read or write char patho[100]="c:\\student\\rkk\\cosc290\\spring2013\\labs\\cprograms\\datao.txt"; FILE is type FILE *infile; //declaring a file pointer infile infile = fopen (patho, "r+"); //read and write //read string while (!feof(infile)) str2 = (char*) fgets(str1, 80, infile); printf("the string read from file: %s\n", str1); fclose(infile); //close the file //write characters c = 0x21; for (i=0; i<94; i++) c = fputc(c, infile); c = c+1; 13
14 //read characters while (!feof(infile)) c = fgetc(infile); printf("%c ", c); TYPEDEF and Structures typedef int WHOLE; //creates a new data type called WHOLE WHOLE numbers; struct student char name[20]; //20 bytes int scores[4]; //4*4 = 16 bytes int average; //4 bytes ; struct student class[20]; //20 students array declaration struct student gclass[10]; //array of structures //variable names can be defined in the struct definition itself struct student char name[20]; int scores[4]; int average; class, gclass; 14
15 // structure name can be absent // you can t use this structure with instantiations later struct char name[20]; int scores[4]; int average; class, gclass; Addressing member functions in the structure: class.average = 80.2; //dot notation class.scores[2] = 99; class.name[0] = A ; structures can be initialized (type external and static) structures can be assigned. student class[30]; student gclass[30]; class = gclass; //all the elements are copied struct can be nested. struct group struct student ustudent; struct student gstudent; char groupname[20]; 15
16 Enumerated Types enum colors red, orange, yellow; enum colors table, floor; table = red; floor = yellow; Pointers struct student *ptr; ptr ->average = 55; ptr->scores[2] = 88; int *ptr; ptr = (int*)malloc(1000); for (i=0; i < 100; i++) ptr[i] = i; for (i=0; i < 100; i++) *ptr = i; ptr++; sizeof (student) -- gives you number of bytes needed for this structure in memory 16
17 For student structure, the size will be 40 (i.e. 20+4*4+4) If we declare struct student s1[20]; //array of students the sizeof(s1) will be 800 (i.e. 40*20). struct student *s100; //pointer to a structure s100 = (struct student *) malloc (sizeof(s100) * 100); //memory allocated for storing structures //this memory will be 40*100 = 4000 bytes //this is the way to use dynamic memory, instead of static memory 17
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