CE Lecture 11
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1 Izmir Institute of Technology CE Lecture 11 References: - C: A software Engineering Approach 1
2 In this course you will learn Input and Output Sorting Values 2
3 Input and Output Opening and Closing a File Before you can read from or write to a file, you must open it with the fopen() function. Usage: fopen(file name, access mode) There are two sets of access modes: text and binary. r w a Open an existing text file for reading. Create a new text file for writing. If the file already exists, it will be truncated to zero length. Open an existing text file in append mode. You can continue to write at the end of the file. r+ - open for reading and writing, start at beginning w+ - open for reading and writing (overwrite file) a+ - open for reading and writing (append if file exists) 3
4 (For binary files, simply add the b character to the end. ie. rb, wb, and ab )
5 Input and Output Example: Print numbers 1 to 10 onto a file named foo.txt. #include <stdio.h> int main() int j; FILE *fp; fp = fopen("foo.txt", "w"); for (j=1; j<=10; j++) fprintf( fp, "%d\n", j); fclose(fp); return( 0 ); The fopen function returns a pointer to the opened file. If it is not successful it returns the NULL character. The fprintf function is the same as the printf function, except that it takes an additional argument at the beginning. This argument indicates where the output stream is to be send. The fclose function closes the opened function. Most operating systems have a limit on the number of streams that can be open at one time. 5
6 Input and Output One Character at a Time getc() putc() fgetc() fputc() A macro that reads one character from the stream. A macro that writes one character to the stream. A function that reads one character from the stream. A function that writes one character to the stream. Since getc() and putc() are macros, they usually run much faster than their function complements. 6
7 Input and Output One Character at a Time The following example uses getc() and putc() to copy one file to another. #include <stdio.h> main() int copyfile(); Prototyping of function copyfile() int result; result = copyfile("foo.c","foo.c_bak"); printf("%d\n", result ); return 0; 7
8 Input and Output One Character at a Time The following example uses getc() and putc() to copy one file to another. #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> #define FAIL 0 #define SUCCESS 1 int copyfile( infile, outfile ) char *infile, *outfile; FILE *fp1, *fp2; fp1 = fopen( infile, "rb" ); fp2 = fopen( outfile, "wb" ); if ( fp1 == NULL ) return FAIL; if ( fp2 == NULL ) fclose( fp1 ); return FAIL; while(!feof( fp1 ) ) putc( getc(fp1), fp2 ); fclose( fp1 ); fclose( fp2 ); return SUCCESS; Read one character 8
9 Input and Output One Line at a Time Another way to write this function is to read and write lines instead of characters. There are two line-oriented I/O functions fputs() and fgets(), which are used as follows: char *fgets( char *s, int n, FILE stream ); Where s n stream A pointer to the first element of an array to which characters are written. An integer representing the maximum numbers of characters to read. The stream from which to read. 9
10 #include <stddef.h> int copyfile( infile, outfile ) char *infile, *outfile; FILE *fp1, *fp2; char line[linesize]; Input and Output One Line at a Time fp1 = fopen( infile, "r" ); if (fp1 == NULL) return FAIL; fp2 = fopen( outfile, "w" ); if (fp2 == NULL) fclose(fp1); return FAIL; Checks the opened files. while ( fgets( line, LINESIZE-1, fp1)!= NULL ) fputs( line, fp2 ); fclose(fp1); fclose(fp2); return SUCCESS; 10
11 Input and Output One Line at a Time The following main function makes use of the function copyfile(). #include <stdio.h> #include <stddef.h> #define FAIL 0 #define SUCCESS 1 #define LINESIZE 100 int main() int copyfile(); int cf; char *infile, *outfile; printf("file to copy: "); scanf("%s", infile); printf("file to copy to: "); scanf("%s", outfile); cf = copyfile(infile, outfile); return( 0 ); 11
12 The Remainder Operator - % The remainder operator (also called the modulus operator) accepts only integer operands. The resulting value is the remainder of the first operand divided by the second operand. 9 % 4 has the value of 1 because 4 goes into 9 twice with a remainder of % 2 has a value of zero. 12
13 The Remainder Operator - % The remainder operator can be used in applications with some action at regular intervals. #include <stdio.h> main() int c, j=1; printf("enter string to be squished: "); while ( (c=getchar())!= '\n' ) if (j%5 == 0) /* no remainder of j/5 */ printf( "\n" ); putchar( c ); j++; return(0); 13
14 The Remainder Operator - % The output of the previous program with the input line This is a little sentence to illustrate an example. would look like the following. This is a littl e sen tence to i llust rate an ex ample. Where is this feature used? 14
15 #include <stdio.h> int main() int x[]=3,1,2, tmp, i, k, xn; xn = sizeof(x) / sizeof( x[0] ); Sorting for (i=0; i<xn; i++) for (k=i+1; k<xn; k++) if ( x[k] < x[i] ) tmp = x[i]; x[i]= x[k]; x[k] = tmp; printf("%d\n", x[i]); return (0); x i k
16 In this course you have learned Input and Output Sorting Values 16
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