Unit 1. Digital Representation
|
|
- Marcus Samson Moody
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Unit 1 Digital Representation
2 2 Information Representation All information is represented as sequences of 1's and 0's 5 kinds of information Numbers Text Instructions Sound Image/Video
3 3 Why 1 s and 0 s Transistors are electronic devices used to build computer hardware Like a switch (2 positions) => On (conducting) / Off (non-conducting) Output voltage of a transistor will either be high or low voltage 2 states of the transistor (on or off) lead to only 2 values in computer hardware 1 s and 0 s are arbitrary symbols representing high or low voltage A single 1 or 0 is known as a bit The voltage here determines if current can flow between drain and source Controlling Input (Gate ) Schematic Symbol of a Transistor Output (Drain ) Source Circuit Diagram of a Switch circuit is open (off) no current can flow circuit is closed (on) current can flow Functional View of a Transistor as a Switch on off Circuit Diagram of a Switch High Voltage +5V +12V or Low Voltage 0V -12V 1 0
4 4 Starting With Numbers A single bit can only represent 1 and 0 To represent more than just 2 values we need to use combinations/sequences of many bits A byte is defined as a group 8-bits A word varies in size but is usually 32- bits So how do we interpret those sequences of bits? Let's learn about number systems 0 or 1 A bit Two bit Combinations An example byte An example word
5 5 Interpreting Binary Strings Given a string of 1 s and 0 s, you need to know the representation system being used, before you can understand the value of those 1 s and 0 s. Information (value) = Bits + Context (System) Unsigned Binary system =? Instructions ASCII system A ASCII "add 1"
6 6 Unsigned Binary Number System Humans use the decimal number system Based on number digits: [0-9] Because computer hardware uses digital signals with 2 values, computers use the binary number system Based on number 2 2 binary digits (a.k.a bits): [0,1]
7 7 Number System Theory Let's understand how number systems work by examining decimal and then moving to binary The written digits have implied place values Place values are powers of the base (decimal = 10) Place value of digit to left of decimal point is 10 0 and ascend from there, negative powers of 10 to the right of the decimal point The value of the number is the sum of each digit times its implied place value base (852.7) 10 =
8 8 Number System Theory The written digits have implied place values Place values are powers of the base (decimal = 10) Place value of digit to left of decimal point is 10 0 and ascend from there, negative powers of 10 to the right of the decimal point The value of the number is the sum of each digit times its implied place value base Most Significant Digit (MSD) Least Significant Digit (LSD) (852.7) 10 = 8* * * *10-1 digits place values
9 9 Binary Number System Place values are powers of 2 The value of the number is the sum of each bit times its implied place value (power of 2) base (110.1) 2 =
10 10 Binary Number System Place values are powers of 2 The value of the number is the sum of each bit times its implied place value (power of 2) base Most Significant Bit (MSB) Least Significant Bit (LSB) (110.1) 2 = 1 * * * * 2-1 bits place values (110.1) 2 = 1*4 + 1*2 + 1*.5 = =
11 11 Interpreting Binary Strings Information (65) = Bits + Context (Unsigned Binary System) Unsigned Binary system =? Instructions ASCII system A ASCII "add 1"
12 12 Unique Combinations Given n digits of base r, how many unique numbers can be formed? 2-digit, decimal numbers 3-digit, decimal numbers combinations: - combinations: - 4-bit, binary numbers 6-bit, binary numbers combinations: - combinations: - Main Point: Given n digits of base r, unique numbers can be made with the range [ ]
13 13 Unique Numbers Computers represent binary numbers using a fixed number of bits Given a fixed number of bits, n, what is the range of numbers we can make? If n=1 bit: If n=2 bits: If n=3 bits: = 0 = = 0 = 1 = 2 = = 0 = 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 6 = 7 Given n bits, 2 n numbers can be made 4 2 1
14 14 Powers of 2 Might help to memorize the powers of = = = = = = = = = = =
15 15 Sign Is there any limitation if we only use the powers of some base as our weights? Can't make negative numbers What if we change things How do humans represent negative numbers? Can we do something similar?
16 16 C Integer Data Types Integer Types (signed by default unsigned with optional leading keyword) C Type Bytes Bits Signed Range Unsigned Range [unsigned] char 1 8 [unsigned] short 2 16 [unsigned] long [unsigned] int 4 32 [unsigned] long long to to to billion to +2 billion 0 to to 4 billion -8*10 18 to +8* to 16*10 18
17 17 Approximating Large Powers of 2 How did we know a 32-bit int could store up to 4 billion? Here's a quick way to estimate the decimal approximation of a large powers of 2 like 2 16, 2 32, etc. Use following approximations: 2 10 = 10 3 (1 thousand=1k) (1 million=1m) (1 billion=1g) For other powers of 2, decompose into product of 2 10 or 2 20 or 2 30 and a power of 2 that is less than 2 10 See examples 2 16 = 2 6 * * 10 3 = 64, = 2 4 * * 10 6 = 16,000, = 2 8 * * 10 6 = 256,000, = 2 2 * * 10 9 = 4,000,000,000
18 18 Text Text characters are usually represented with some kind of binary code (mapping of character to a binary number such as 'a' = bin = 97 dec) ASCII = Traditionally an 8-bit code How many combinations (i.e. characters)? English only UNICODE = 16-bit code How many combinations? Most languages w/ an alphabet In C/C++ a single printing/text character must appear between single-quotes (') Example: 'a', '!', 'Z'
19 19 Text Strings To represent words and sentences we can use a string of characters C++ uses double-quote (") to group the characters that are part of a string Example: "Hello\n" Each character is converted to ASCII equivalent 'H' = 72, 'e' = 101, '\n' = Represents a non-printing character ("Enter/Return" and moves the cursor to the start of the next line) '\n' = LF (0x0A) = line feed (moves cursor down a line)
20 INSTRUCTIONS 20
21 21 Instructions Tell the computer what operations to perform on the data Contains Operation to perform (OpCode) Source operands (input data) Destination location (where to put output) Z = X + 1 X = X - 2 High-level operations would be converted to "instructions" which have a direct translation to 1's and 0's Dst. Src1 Src2 These would be the binary representations of the instructions to perform: Z = X + 1 and X = X ADD Z X Dst. Src1 Src SUB X X 2
22 22 DATA STORAGE & COMPUTER MEMORY
23 23 Computer Components Processor Executes the program and performs all the operations Main Memory Stores data and program (instructions) RAM = read and write but volatile (lose values when power off) Let's look more at memory Processor (Reads instructions, operates on data) Instructions Data Combine 2c. Flour Mix in 3 eggs Processor Software Program Input Devices Data Program (Instructions) Data (Operands) Memory (RAM) Output Devices
24 24 Memory Set of cells that each store a group of bits (usually, 1 byte = 8 bits) Unique address assigned to each cell Used to reference the value in that location Analogy: Safe-deposit or mail boxes Each has an identifying number and a value stored inside The value can be an instruction, a number, a character, etc. (You the programmer must know what to expect and how to interpret it!) Address Data Memory Device
25 25 Memory Operations Memories perform 2 operations Read: retrieves data value in a particular location (specified using the address) You, the programmer, must know what type (integer, character, etc.) that data is. Write: changes data in a location to a new value To perform these operations a set of address, data, and control inputs/outputs are used Note: A group of wires/signals is referred to as a bus Thus, we say that memories have an address, data, and control bus Read Write Addr. Data Control A Read Operation Addr. Data Control A Write Operation
26 26 One At a Time Recall that while we see the image of a man, the computer "sees" a collection of numbers (aka pixels)? Now we can understand why Every number is stored as bits in memory Memory can only be accessed one data value at a time This limitation of accessing one value at a time leads to a fundamental issue of programming: How do we break abstract Data tasks into a sequence of "1 at a time" operations? Individual Pixels Image taken from the photo "Robin Jeffers at Ton House" (1927) by Edward Weston Addr
27 27 Exercise Show how "cs 102" would be stored in the memory below Use decimal to represent each byte How do we indicate the string is done ("terminated") With special NULL character (i.e. 0)
CS 103 Lecture 2 Slides
1 CS 103 Lecture 2 Slides C/C++ Basics Mark Redekopp 2 Get your VM's installed. Announcements We've added updates to the instructions for installing the VM on our website Using 'curl' to re-download the.ova
More informationUnit 3. Constants and Expressions
1 Unit 3 Constants and Expressions 2 Review C Integer Data Types Integer Types (signed by default unsigned with optional leading keyword) C Type Bytes Bits Signed Range Unsigned Range [unsigned] char 1
More information3.1. Unit 3. Binary Representation
3.1 Unit 3 Binary Representation ANALOG VS. DIGITAL 3.2 3.3 Analog vs. Digital The analog world is based on continuous events. Observations can take on (real) any value. The digital world is based on discrete
More informationEE 109 Unit 2. Binary Representation Systems
EE 09 Unit 2 Binary Representation Systems ANALOG VS. DIGITAL 2 3 Analog vs. Digital The analog world is based on continuous events. Observations can take on (real) any value. The digital world is based
More informationUnit 3. Analog vs. Digital. Analog vs. Digital ANALOG VS. DIGITAL. Binary Representation
3.1 3.2 Unit 3 Binary Representation ANALOG VS. DIGITAL 3.3 3.4 Analog vs. Digital The analog world is based on continuous events. Observations can take on (real) any value. The digital world is based
More information1.1. Unit 1. Integer Representation
1.1 Unit 1 Integer Representation 1.2 Skills & Outcomes You should know and be able to apply the following skills with confidence Convert an unsigned binary number to and from decimal Understand the finite
More informationAssembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts. Chapter Overview. Welcome to Assembly Language
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Kip R. Irvine Chapter 1: Basic Concepts Slides prepared by Kip R. Irvine Revision date: 09/15/2002 Chapter corrections (Web) Printing a slide show
More informationFinal Labs and Tutors
ICT106 Fundamentals of Computer Systems - Topic 2 REPRESENTATION AND STORAGE OF INFORMATION Reading: Linux Assembly Programming Language, Ch 2.4-2.9 and 3.6-3.8 Final Labs and Tutors Venue and time South
More informationSoftware and Hardware
Software and Hardware Numbers At the most fundamental level, a computer manipulates electricity according to specific rules To make those rules produce something useful, we need to associate the electrical
More informationCS 103 Lecture 2 Slides
1 CS 103 Lecture 2 Slides C/C++ Basics Mark Redekopp 2 Get your VM's installed. Do's and Don'ts with your VM HW 1 Announcements Installing the 'Guest Additions' for the Linux VM Backing up files Not installing
More informationJava Notes. 10th ICSE. Saravanan Ganesh
Java Notes 10th ICSE Saravanan Ganesh 13 Java Character Set Character set is a set of valid characters that a language can recognise A character represents any letter, digit or any other sign Java uses
More informationExpressions and Data Types CSC 121 Spring 2015 Howard Rosenthal
Expressions and Data Types CSC 121 Spring 2015 Howard Rosenthal Lesson Goals Understand the basic constructs of a Java Program Understand how to use basic identifiers Understand simple Java data types
More informationEE 109 Unit 3. Analog vs. Digital. Analog vs. Digital. Binary Representation Systems ANALOG VS. DIGITAL
3. 3. EE 9 Unit 3 Binary Representation Systems ANALOG VS. DIGITAL 3.3 3. Analog vs. Digital The analog world is based on continuous events. Observations can take on any (real) value. The digital world
More informationGroups of two-state devices are used to represent data in a computer. In general, we say the states are either: high/low, on/off, 1/0,...
Chapter 9 Computer Arithmetic Reading: Section 9.1 on pp. 290-296 Computer Representation of Data Groups of two-state devices are used to represent data in a computer. In general, we say the states are
More informationCSE COMPUTER USE: Fundamentals Test 1 Version D
Name:, (Last name) (First name) Student ID#: Registered Section: Instructor: Lew Lowther Solutions York University Faculty of Pure and Applied Science Department of Computer Science CSE 1520.03 COMPUTER
More informationEE 109 Unit 2. Analog vs. Digital. Analog vs. Digital. Binary Representation Systems ANALOG VS. DIGITAL
EE 9 Unit Binary Representation Systems ANALOG VS. DIGITAL Analog vs. Digital The analog world is based on continuous events. Observations can take on any (real) value. The digital world is based on discrete
More informationDigital Systems COE 202. Digital Logic Design. Dr. Muhamed Mudawar King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Digital Systems COE 202 Digital Logic Design Dr. Muhamed Mudawar King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Welcome to COE 202 Course Webpage: http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/coe/mudawar/coe202/ Lecture
More informationCS 261 Fall Binary Information (convert to hex) Mike Lam, Professor
CS 261 Fall 2018 Mike Lam, Professor 3735928559 (convert to hex) Binary Information Binary information Topics Base conversions (bin/dec/hex) Data sizes Byte ordering Character and program encodings Bitwise
More informationNumber System. Introduction. Decimal Numbers
Number System Introduction Number systems provide the basis for all operations in information processing systems. In a number system the information is divided into a group of symbols; for example, 26
More informationInf2C - Computer Systems Lecture 2 Data Representation
Inf2C - Computer Systems Lecture 2 Data Representation Boris Grot School of Informatics University of Edinburgh Last lecture Moore s law Types of computer systems Computer components Computer system stack
More informationCourse Schedule. CS 221 Computer Architecture. Week 3: Plan. I. Hexadecimals and Character Representations. Hexadecimal Representation
Course Schedule CS 221 Computer Architecture Week 3: Information Representation (2) Fall 2001 W1 Sep 11- Sep 14 Introduction W2 Sep 18- Sep 21 Information Representation (1) (Chapter 3) W3 Sep 25- Sep
More information10.1. Unit 10. Signed Representation Systems Binary Arithmetic
0. Unit 0 Signed Representation Systems Binary Arithmetic 0.2 BINARY REPRESENTATION SYSTEMS REVIEW 0.3 Interpreting Binary Strings Given a string of s and 0 s, you need to know the representation system
More informationComputer Architecture
Computer Architecture Topics: Machine Organization Machine Cycle Program Execution Machine Language Types of Memory & Access Von Neumann Design 1) Two key ideas 1) The stored program concept 1) instructions
More informationChapter 4: The Building Blocks: Binary Numbers, Boolean Logic, and Gates. Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition
Chapter 4: The Building Blocks: Binary Numbers, Boolean Logic, and Gates Invitation to Computer Science, C++ Version, Third Edition Objectives In this chapter, you will learn about: The binary numbering
More informationDRAM uses a single capacitor to store and a transistor to select. SRAM typically uses 6 transistors.
Data Representation Data Representation Goal: Store numbers, characters, sets, database records in the computer. What we got: Circuit that stores 2 voltages, one for logic 0 (0 volts) and one for logic
More informationSIGNED AND UNSIGNED SYSTEMS
EE 357 Unit 1 Fixed Point Systems and Arithmetic Learning Objectives Understand the size and systems used by the underlying HW when a variable is declared in a SW program Understand and be able to find
More informationMore about Binary 9/6/2016
More about Binary 9/6/2016 Unsigned vs. Two s Complement 8-bit example: 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 7 +2 6 + 2 1 +2 0 = 128+64+2+1 = 195-2 7 +2 6 + 2 1 +2 0 = -128+64+2+1 = -61 Why does two s complement work this
More informationExpressions and Data Types CSC 121 Fall 2015 Howard Rosenthal
Expressions and Data Types CSC 121 Fall 2015 Howard Rosenthal Lesson Goals Understand the basic constructs of a Java Program Understand how to use basic identifiers Understand simple Java data types and
More informationMath 230 Assembly Programming (AKA Computer Organization) Spring 2008
Math 230 Assembly Programming (AKA Computer Organization) Spring 2008 MIPS Intro II Lect 10 Feb 15, 2008 Adapted from slides developed for: Mary J. Irwin PSU CSE331 Dave Patterson s UCB CS152 M230 L10.1
More informationThe CPU and Memory. How does a computer work? How does a computer interact with data? How are instructions performed? Recall schematic diagram:
The CPU and Memory How does a computer work? How does a computer interact with data? How are instructions performed? Recall schematic diagram: 1 Registers A register is a permanent storage location within
More informationData Representation COE 301. Computer Organization Prof. Muhamed Mudawar
Data Representation COE 30 Computer Organization Prof. Muhamed Mudawar College of Computer Sciences and Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Presentation Outline Positional Number
More informationUnit 2: Data Storage CS 101, Fall 2018
Unit 2: Data Storage CS 101, Fall 2018 Learning Objectives After completing this unit, you should be able to: Evaluate digital circuits that use AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. Convert binary integers to/from decimal,
More informationSurvey. Motivation 29.5 / 40 class is required
Survey Motivation 29.5 / 40 class is required Concerns 6 / 40 not good at examination That s why we have 3 examinations 6 / 40 this class sounds difficult 8 / 40 understand the instructor Want class to
More informationData Representation. DRAM uses a single capacitor to store and a transistor to select. SRAM typically uses 6 transistors.
Data Representation Data Representation Goal: Store numbers, characters, sets, database records in the computer. What we got: Circuit that stores 2 voltages, one for logic ( volts) and one for logic (3.3
More informationAnnouncements HW1 is due on this Friday (Sept 12th) Appendix A is very helpful to HW1. Check out system calls
Announcements HW1 is due on this Friday (Sept 12 th ) Appendix A is very helpful to HW1. Check out system calls on Page A-48. Ask TA (Liquan chen: liquan@ece.rutgers.edu) about homework related questions.
More informationInformation Science 1
Information Science 1 -Basic Concepts of Computers: Opera4on, Architecture, Memory- Week 02 College of Information Science and Engineering Ritsumeikan University Today s lecture outline l Recall the previous
More informationThe LC3's micro-coded controller ("useq") is nothing more than a finite-state machine (FSM). It has these inputs:
midterm exam COSC-120, Computer Hardware Fundamentals, fall 2012 Computer Science Department Georgetown University NAME Open books, open notes (laptops included). Show and explain all your work. Answers
More information1.1. INTRODUCTION 1.2. NUMBER SYSTEMS
Chapter 1. 1.1. INTRODUCTION Digital computers have brought about the information age that we live in today. Computers are important tools because they can locate and process enormous amounts of information
More informationWhat is This Course About? CS 356 Unit 0. Today's Digital Environment. Why is System Knowledge Important?
0.1 What is This Course About? 0.2 CS 356 Unit 0 Class Introduction Basic Hardware Organization Introduction to Computer Systems a.k.a. Computer Organization or Architecture Filling in the "systems" details
More informationWhen an instruction is initially read from memory it goes to the Instruction register.
CS 320 Ch. 12 Instruction Sets Computer instructions are written in mnemonics. Mnemonics typically have a 1 to 1 correspondence between a mnemonic and the machine code. Mnemonics are the assembly language
More information[301] Bits and Memory. Tyler Caraza-Harter
[301] Bits and Memory Tyler Caraza-Harter Ones and Zeros 01111111110101011000110010011011000010010001100110101101 01000101110110000000110011101011101111000110101010010011 00011000100110001010111010110001010011101000100110100000
More informationChapter 3: part 3 Binary Subtraction
Chapter 3: part 3 Binary Subtraction Iterative combinational circuits Binary adders Half and full adders Ripple carry and carry lookahead adders Binary subtraction Binary adder-subtractors Signed binary
More informationThe type of all data used in a C (or C++) program must be specified
The type of all data used in a C (or C++) program must be specified A data type is a description of the data being represented That is, a set of possible values and a set of operations on those values
More informationCMPS 10 Introduction to Computer Science Lecture Notes
CMPS Introduction to Computer Science Lecture Notes Binary Numbers Until now we have considered the Computing Agent that executes algorithms to be an abstract entity. Now we will be concerned with techniques
More informationCOMP2611: Computer Organization. Data Representation
COMP2611: Computer Organization Comp2611 Fall 2015 2 1. Binary numbers and 2 s Complement Numbers 3 Bits: are the basis for binary number representation in digital computers What you will learn here: How
More informationM1 Computers and Data
M1 Computers and Data Module Outline Architecture vs. Organization. Computer system and its submodules. Concept of frequency. Processor performance equation. Representation of information characters, signed
More informationInteger Representation
Integer Representation Announcements assign0 due tonight assign1 out tomorrow Labs start this week SCPD Note on ofce hours on Piazza Will get an email tonight about labs Goals for Today Introduction to
More information(Refer Slide Time: 00:23)
In this session, we will learn about one more fundamental data type in C. So, far we have seen ints and floats. Ints are supposed to represent integers and floats are supposed to represent real numbers.
More informationRui Wang, Assistant professor Dept. of Information and Communication Tongji University.
Data Representation ti and Arithmetic for Computers Rui Wang, Assistant professor Dept. of Information and Communication Tongji University it Email: ruiwang@tongji.edu.cn Questions What do you know about
More informationKULLEĠĠ SAN BENEDITTU Secondary School, Kirkop
KULLEĠĠ SAN BENEDITTU Secondary School, Kirkop Mark HALF YEARLY EXAMINATION 2014/2015 Level 5 6 7-8 Form 4 COMPUTING TIME: 1h 30min Question 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Global Mark Max. Mark 8 5 7 10 8 12 13 16
More informationMicroprocessors I MICROCOMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS
Microprocessors I Outline of the Lecture Microcomputers and Microprocessors Evolution of Intel 80x86 Family Microprocessors Binary and Hexadecimal Number Systems MICROCOMPUTERS AND MICROPROCESSORS There
More informationChapter 2 Number System
Chapter 2 Number System Embedded Systems with ARM Cortext-M Updated: Tuesday, January 16, 2018 What you should know.. Before coming to this class Decimal Binary Octal Hex 0 0000 00 0x0 1 0001 01 0x1 2
More informationfalse, import, new 1 class Lecture2 { 2 3 "Data types, Variables, and Operators" 4
1 class Lecture2 { 2 3 "Data types, Variables, and Operators" 4 5 } 6 7 // Keywords: 8 byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, boolean, true, false, import, new Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 44
More informationLecture 3. More About C
Copyright 1996 David R. Hanson Computer Science 126, Fall 1996 3-1 Lecture 3. More About C Programming languages have their lingo Programming language Types are categories of values int, float, char Constants
More informationChapter 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations
Chapter 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations How do we represent data in a computer? At the lowest level, a computer is an electronic machine. works by controlling the flow of electrons Easy to recognize
More informationCS5000: Foundations of Programming. Mingon Kang, PhD Computer Science, Kennesaw State University
CS5000: Foundations of Programming Mingon Kang, PhD Computer Science, Kennesaw State University Overview of Source Code Components Comments Library declaration Classes Functions Variables Comments Can
More informationfalse, import, new 1 class Lecture2 { 2 3 "Data types, Variables, and Operators" 4
1 class Lecture2 { 2 3 "Data types, Variables, and Operators" 4 5 } 6 7 // Keywords: 8 byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, boolean, true, false, import, new Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 44
More information2.1. Unit 2. Integer Operations (Arithmetic, Overflow, Bitwise Logic, Shifting)
2.1 Unit 2 Integer Operations (Arithmetic, Overflow, Bitwise Logic, Shifting) 2.2 Skills & Outcomes You should know and be able to apply the following skills with confidence Perform addition & subtraction
More informationVariables Data types Variable I/O. C introduction. Variables. Variables 1 / 14
C introduction Variables Variables 1 / 14 Contents Variables Data types Variable I/O Variables 2 / 14 Usage Declaration: t y p e i d e n t i f i e r ; Assignment: i d e n t i f i e r = v a l u e ; Definition
More informationfalse, import, new 1 class Lecture2 { 2 3 "Data types, Variables, and Operators" 4
1 class Lecture2 { 2 3 "Data types, Variables, and Operators" 4 5 } 6 7 // Keywords: 8 byte, short, int, long, char, float, double, boolean, true, false, import, new Zheng-Liang Lu Java Programming 44
More informationThe Building Blocks: Binary Numbers, Boolean Logic, and Gates. Purpose of Chapter. External Representation of Information.
The Building Blocks: Binary Numbers, Boolean Logic, and Gates Chapter 4 Representing Information The Binary Numbering System Boolean Logic and Gates Building Computer Circuits Control Circuits CMPUT Introduction
More informationNumber Systems CHAPTER Positional Number Systems
CHAPTER 2 Number Systems Inside computers, information is encoded as patterns of bits because it is easy to construct electronic circuits that exhibit the two alternative states, 0 and 1. The meaning of
More informationDATA REPRESENTATION. By- Neha Tyagi PGT CS KV 5 Jaipur II Shift, Jaipur Region. Based on CBSE curriculum Class 11. Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift
DATA REPRESENTATION Based on CBSE curriculum Class 11 By- Neha Tyagi PGT CS KV 5 Jaipur II Shift, Jaipur Region Neha Tyagi, KV 5 Jaipur II Shift Introduction As we know that computer system stores any
More informationComputer Science 324 Computer Architecture Mount Holyoke College Fall Topic Notes: Bits and Bytes and Numbers
Computer Science 324 Computer Architecture Mount Holyoke College Fall 2007 Topic Notes: Bits and Bytes and Numbers Number Systems Much of this is review, given the 221 prerequisite Question: how high can
More informationE40M. Binary Numbers, Codes. M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 1
E40M Binary Numbers, Codes M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 1 Reading Chapter 5 in the reader A&L 5.6 M. Horowitz, J. Plummer, R. Howe 2 Useless Box Lab Project #2 Adding a computer to the Useless Box
More informationGoals for this Week. CSC 2400: Computer Systems. Bits, Bytes and Data Types. Binary number system. Finite representations of binary integers
CSC 2400: Computer Systems Bits, Bytes and Data Types 1 Goals for this Week Binary number system Why binary? Converting between decimal and binary and octal and hexadecimal number systems Finite representations
More informationComputer Organization
Computer Organization Register Transfer Logic Number System Department of Computer Science Missouri University of Science & Technology hurson@mst.edu 1 Decimal Numbers: Base 10 Digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
More informationBasic data types. Building blocks of computation
Basic data types Building blocks of computation Goals By the end of this lesson you will be able to: Understand the commonly used basic data types of C++ including Characters Integers Floating-point values
More informationNumber Systems Base r
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals Computer Engineering Dept COE 2 Fundamentals of Computer Engineering Term 22 Dr. Ashraf S. Hasan Mahmoud Rm 22-44 Ext. 724 Email: ashraf@ccse.kfupm.edu.sa 3/7/23
More informationQUIZ. Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle.
QUIZ Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 1 Solution Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 2 QUIZ Name two fundamental differences between magnetic drives and optical drives: 3 QUIZ
More informationCHW 261: Logic Design
CHW 261: Logic Design Instructors: Prof. Hala Zayed Dr. Ahmed Shalaby http://www.bu.edu.eg/staff/halazayed14 http://bu.edu.eg/staff/ahmedshalaby14# Slide 1 Slide 2 Slide 3 Digital Fundamentals CHAPTER
More informationWorld Inside a Computer is Binary
C Programming 1 Representation of int data World Inside a Computer is Binary C Programming 2 Decimal Number System Basic symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Radix-10 positional number system. The radix
More informationChapter 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations
Chapter 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations Original slides from Gregory Byrd, North Carolina State University Modified slides by Chris Wilcox, Colorado State University How do we represent data in a computer?!
More informationChapter 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations
Chapter Bits, Data Types, and Operations How do we represent data in a computer? At the lowest level, a computer is an electronic machine. works by controlling the flow of electrons Easy to recognize two
More informationHistory of Computing. Ahmed Sallam 11/28/2014 1
History of Computing Ahmed Sallam 11/28/2014 1 Outline Blast from the past Layered Perspective of Computing Why Assembly? Data Representation Base 2, 8, 10, 16 Number systems Boolean operations and algebra
More informationDecimal & Binary Representation Systems. Decimal & Binary Representation Systems
Decimal & Binary Representation Systems Decimal & binary are positional representation systems each position has a value: d*base i for example: 321 10 = 3*10 2 + 2*10 1 + 1*10 0 for example: 101000001
More informationLogic and Computer Design Fundamentals. Chapter 8 Memory Basics
Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals Memory Basics Overview Memory definitions Random Access Memory (RAM) Static RAM (SRAM) integrated circuits Arrays of SRAM integrated circuits Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Read
More informationC Language, Token, Keywords, Constant, variable
C Language, Token, Keywords, Constant, variable A language written by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie. This was to be the language that UNIX was written in to become the first "portable" language. C
More informationComputer (Literacy) Skills. Number representations and memory. Lubomír Bulej KDSS MFF UK
Computer (Literacy Skills Number representations and memory Lubomír Bulej KDSS MFF UK Number representations? What for? Recall: computer works with binary numbers Groups of zeroes and ones 8 bits (byte,
More informationThe x86 Microprocessors. Introduction. The 80x86 Microprocessors. 1.1 Assembly Language
The x86 Microprocessors Introduction 1.1 Assembly Language Numbering and Coding Systems Human beings use the decimal system (base 10) Decimal digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Computer systems use the
More informationCourse overview. Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2006/09/18. with slides by Kip Irvine
Course overview Computer Organization and Assembly Languages Yung-Yu Chuang 2006/09/18 with slides by Kip Irvine Logistics Meeting time: 9:10am-12:10pm, Monday Classroom: CSIE Room 102 Instructor: Yung-Yu
More informationLAB A Translating Data to Binary
LAB A Translating Data to Binary Create a directory for this lab and perform in it the following groups of tasks: LabA1.java 1. Write the Java app LabA1 that takes an int via a command-line argument args[0]
More informationC: How to Program. Week /Mar/05
1 C: How to Program Week 2 2007/Mar/05 Chapter 2 - Introduction to C Programming 2 Outline 2.1 Introduction 2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers
More informationChapter 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations
Chapter 2 Bits, Data Types, and Operations Original slides from Gregory Byrd, North Carolina State University Modified by Chris Wilcox, S. Rajopadhye Colorado State University How do we represent data
More informationCC411: Introduction To Microprocessors
CC411: Introduction To Microprocessors OBJECTIVES this chapter enables the student to: Use number { base 2, base 10, or base 16 }. Add and subtract binary/hex numbers. Represent any binary number in 2
More information17. Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions
17. Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions Chapter 12 Spring 2016 CS430 - Computer Architecture 1 Introduction Section 12.1, 12.2, and 12.3 pp. 406-418 Computer Designer: Machine instruction set
More informationThe type of all data used in a C++ program must be specified
The type of all data used in a C++ program must be specified A data type is a description of the data being represented That is, a set of possible values and a set of operations on those values There are
More informationTOPIC 2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVA AND DR JAVA
1 TOPIC 2 INTRODUCTION TO JAVA AND DR JAVA Notes adapted from Introduction to Computing and Programming with Java: A Multimedia Approach by M. Guzdial and B. Ericson, and instructor materials prepared
More informationChapter Overview. Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition. Chapter 1: Basic Concepts. Printing this Slide Show
Assembly Language for Intel-Based Computers, 4 th Edition Kip R. Irvine Chapter 1: Basic Concepts Chapter Overview Welcome to Assembly Language Virtual Machine Concept Data Representation Boolean Operations
More informationProgramming in C++ 6. Floating point data types
Programming in C++ 6. Floating point data types! Introduction! Type double! Type float! Changing types! Type promotion & conversion! Casts! Initialization! Assignment operators! Summary 1 Introduction
More informationMicrocomputers. Outline. Number Systems and Digital Logic Review
Microcomputers Number Systems and Digital Logic Review Lecture 1-1 Outline Number systems and formats Common number systems Base Conversion Integer representation Signed integer representation Binary coded
More informationTHE INTEGER DATA TYPES. Laura Marik Spring 2012 C++ Course Notes (Provided by Jason Minski)
THE INTEGER DATA TYPES STORAGE OF INTEGER TYPES IN MEMORY All data types are stored in binary in memory. The type that you give a value indicates to the machine what encoding to use to store the data in
More informationDeclaration. Fundamental Data Types. Modifying the Basic Types. Basic Data Types. All variables must be declared before being used.
Declaration Fundamental Data Types All variables must be declared before being used. Tells compiler to set aside an appropriate amount of space in memory to hold a value. Enables the compiler to perform
More informationData Representa5on. CSC 2400: Computer Systems. What kinds of data do we need to represent?
CSC 2400: Computer Systems Data Representa5on What kinds of data do we need to represent? - Numbers signed, unsigned, integers, floating point, complex, rational, irrational, - Text characters, strings,
More informationQUIZ. Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle.
QUIZ Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 1 Solution Name all the 4 parts of the fetch-execute cycle. 2 QUIZ Name two fundamental differences between magnetic drives and optical drives: 3 Solution
More informationProgramming Fundamentals (CS 302 ) Dr. Ihsan Ullah. Lecturer Department of Computer Science & IT University of Balochistan
Programming Fundamentals (CS 302 ) Dr. Ihsan Ullah Lecturer Department of Computer Science & IT University of Balochistan 1 Outline p Introduction p Program development p C language and beginning with
More informationBinary Addition. Add the binary numbers and and show the equivalent decimal addition.
Binary Addition The rules for binary addition are 0 + 0 = 0 Sum = 0, carry = 0 0 + 1 = 0 Sum = 1, carry = 0 1 + 0 = 0 Sum = 1, carry = 0 1 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry = 1 When an input carry = 1 due to a previous
More informationVon Neumann Architecture
Von Neumann Architecture Assist lecturer Donya A. Khalid Lecture 2 2/29/27 Computer Organization Introduction In 945, just after the World War, Jon Von Neumann proposed to build a more flexible computer.
More informationThe Gray Code. Script
Course: B.Sc. Applied Physical Science (Computer Science) Year & Sem.: IInd Year, Sem - IIIrd Subject: Computer Science Paper No.: IX Paper Title: Computer System Architecture Lecture No.: 9 Lecture Title:
More informationIT 1204 Section 2.0. Data Representation and Arithmetic. 2009, University of Colombo School of Computing 1
IT 1204 Section 2.0 Data Representation and Arithmetic 2009, University of Colombo School of Computing 1 What is Analog and Digital The interpretation of an analog signal would correspond to a signal whose
More information