Von Neumann Architecture
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1 Von Neumann Architecture Assist lecturer Donya A. Khalid Lecture 2 2/29/27 Computer Organization Introduction In 945, just after the World War, Jon Von Neumann proposed to build a more flexible computer. Von Neumann had been working on the Manhattan Project to build the first atomic bomb which needed a vast amount of manual calculations Up to that time, the computers were 'programmed' by rebuilding the entire machine to carry out a different task. For example, the early computer called ENIAC took three weeks to rewire in order to do a different calculation. 2/29/27 Computer Organization 2
2 Introduction The new idea was that not only the data should be stored in memory, but the program processing that data should also be stored in the same memory. A computer built with this architecture would be much easier to reprogram. 2/29/27 Computer Organization 3 What is Von Neumann Architecture? The Von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program digital computer. This model (architecture) describes a general framework, or structure, that a computer's hardware, programming, and data should follow. All computers more or less based on the same basic design, the von Neumann Architecture! what ever it be a multi-million dollar. 2/29/27 Computer Organization 4 2
3 Von Neumann Architecture Characteristics This Model is based on the following three characteristics: ) The computer consists of four main sub-systems: Memory ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit) Control Unit Input / Output System (I/O) While only 4 sub-components are called out, there is a 5 th, key player in this operation: a bus, or wire, that connects the components together and over which data flows from one sub-component to another 2) Program is stored in memory during execution. 3) Program instructions are executed sequentially. 2/29/27 Computer Organization 5 Von Neumann Components Processor (CPU) Bus Memory Control Unit Input-Output Store data and program Execute program ALU Communicate with "outside world", e.g. Screen Keyboard Storage devices Do arithmetic/logic operations requested by program 2/29/27 Computer Organization 6 6 3
4 Von Neumann Components Memory The Most Important feature is the Memory that can holds both Data and the program processing that data, this memory is called RAM (Random Access Memory). Memory width (W): How many bits is each memory cell, typically one byte (=8 bits) Address width (N): How many bits used to represent each address, determines the maximum memory size = address space If address width is N-bits, then address space is 2 N (,,...,2 N -)... 2 N bit 2 N 2/29/27 Computer Organization 7 2 N - W How does processing unit get data to/from memory? MAR: Memory Address Register Holds address of memory location being referenced MDR: Memory Data Register On a read (or load), holds value from memory On a write (or store), holds value being written to memory Fetch (Address):. Load the address (A) into the MAR. 2. Copy the content of memory cell with specified address into MDR. Store (Address, Value):. Load the address into MAR; load the value into MDR 2. copy content of MDR into memory cell with specified address. MEMORY MAR MDR 2/29/27 Computer Organization 8 4
5 Von Neumann Components Input Output: This architecture allows the users to interact with the Computer. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): This unit performs: mathematical operations (+, -, x, /, ) logic operations (=, <, >, and, or, not,...) Control Unit (CU): The CU manages the process of moving data and program into and out of memory and also deal with execution of program instructions - one at a time. The 'one-at-a-time' phrase means that the von Neumann Architecture is a sequential processing machine. 2/29/27 Computer Organization 9 How von Neumann computer works? Step. send data and program + to main memory through input device Step 2. CU read + instruction from memory according to Address Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) instruction Step 3. CU send instruction to ALU, and then read data and from memory to ALU according to Address. Step 4. ALU store results to memory Step 5. Output results from memory to output device. Program Data Input Device address Main Memory Control Unit (CU) instruction Output Device 2/29/27 Computer Organization 5
6 Instruction Processing The instruction is the fundamental unit of work. Specifies two things: Opcode: operation to be performed Operands: data/locations to be used for operation Fetch instruction from memory Decode instruction Evaluate address Fetch operands from memory Execute operation Store result 2/29/27 Computer Organization Introduction to Main Digital Component Assist lecturer Donya A. Khalid Lecture 3 2/29/27 Computer Organization 2 6
7 Introduction to Digital Logic Basics Hardware consists of a few simple building blocks These are called logic gates AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR, Logic gates are built using transistors Transistors are the fundamental devices Pentium consists of 3 million transistors Compaq Alpha consists of 9 million transistors Now chips can be built with more than million transistors 2/29/27 Computer Organization 3 Data Representation/Binary numbers Almost all modern computers are digital computers, which means that they can recognize only two distinct electronic states of electrical charge. For simplicity, these states are identified as and, or equivalently, false and true, or off and on. Since and are the most compact means of representing two states, data is represented as sequences of 's and 's. Sequences of 's and 's are binary numbers. 2/29/27 Computer Organization 4 7
8 Integer Number The number system that we are used to is a decimal number system because it is base. For example: 5438 = 5x 4 + 4x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 8x = 5x + 4x + 3x + x + 8x = = /29/27 Computer Organization 5 Binary Number To convert from decimal to binary, start with the binary number and keep dividing by 2, writing the remainder (of any) after each division. Keep doing this until reach one. The result, then, is the remainders, starting from the bottom. Here s an example: Starting from the at the bottom, the binary equivalent of 32 is. 2/29/27 Computer Organization 6 8
9 Binary Number The binary number system works like the decimal number system, but it is a base 2 system. To convert binary to decimal, use the same method used above but use base 2. = x2 7 + x2 6 + x2 5 + x2 4 + x2 3 + x2 2 + x2 + x2 = x28 + x64 + x32 + x6 + x8 + x4 + x2 + x = = 23 2/29/27 Computer Organization 7 Basic Concepts Logical operations (Logic Gates) Simple gates AND OR NOT Functionality can be expressed by a truth table A truth table lists output for each possible input combination 2/29/27 Computer Organization 8 9
10 Basic Concepts Additional useful gates NAND NOR XOR NAND = AND + NOT NOR = OR + NOT 2/29/27 Computer Organization 9 Half Adder Arithmetic Operations: Binary Addition Basic rules of binary addition are performed by a half adder, which has two binary inputs (A and B) and two binary outputs (Carry out and Sum). The inputs and outputs can be summarized on a truth table. The logic symbol and equivalent circuit are: S A S S Inputs Outputs A B C out S A B C C out out 2/29/27 B Computer Organization 2
11 Full-Adder By contrast, a full adder has three binary inputs (A, B, and Carry in) and two binary outputs (Carry out and Sum). The truth table summarizes the operation. A full-adder can be constructed from two half adders as shown: Inputs Outputs A B C in C out S 2/29/27 Computer Organization 2
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