Operators and expressions. (precedence and associability of operators, type conversions).

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1 Programming I Laboratory - lesson 0 Operators and expressions (precedence and associability of operators, type conversions). An expression is any computation which yields a value. When discussing expressions, we often use the term evaluation. An operator is a symbol that instructs C/C++ to perform some operation, or action, on one or more operands. An operand is something that an operator acts on. In C/C++, all operands are expressions. Table. C/C++ Operators(precedence levels and associability) Priority Operator Associability (highest) () [] -. :: Left to Right! ~ & * (typecast) sizeof new delete Right to Left.* ->* Left to Right * / % Left to Right + - Left to Right <<>> Left to Right <<= >>= Left to Right = =!= Left to Right & Left to Right 0 ^ Left to Right Left to Right && Left to Right Left to Right?: (conditional operator) Right to Left = *= /= %= += -= &= ^= = <<= >>= Right to Left (lowest), (comma) Left to Right Example.Demonstrates unary operator prefix and postfix modes. 0 void main() int a, b; /* Set a and b both equal to */ a = b = ; /* Print them, decrementing each time. */ /* Use prefix mode for b, postfix mode for a */

2 Programming I Laboratory - lesson 0 Remarks: The increment and decrement operators can only be applied to variables; an expressions like x = ( i + j )++; ++; are illegal. Example.A demonstration of prefix and postfix ++ operators 0 0 void main() int myage = 0; // initialize two integers int yourage = 0; printf("i am:%d years old.\n\n", myage ); printf("you are: %d years old\n\n", yourage); myage++; ++yourage; // postfix increment // prefix increment printf("one year passes...\n"); printf("i am: %d years old.\n", myage); printf("you are: %d years old\n", yourage); printf("another year passes\n"); printf("i am: %d years old.\n", myage++); printf("you are: %d years old\n", ++yourage); printf("let's print it again.\n"); printf("i am: %d years old.\n", myage); printf("you are: %d years old\n", yourage); Example.Using arithmetic operators Write a program that reads the temperature in Celsius degree and represents it in Fahrenheit degree (grd F = / * grd C +). 0 double grdc, grdf; printf("input a temperature in Celsius degrees: "); scanf("%lf", &grdc); grdf =.0/.0 * grdc + ; printf("temperature in Fahrenheit degrees are: %g", grdf);

3 Programming I Laboratory - lesson 0 Example.Transforming seconds to hour-minutes-seconds 0 int hours, minutes, seconds; printf("number of seconds:"); scanf("%d",&seconds); minutes = seconds / 0; seconds = seconds %0; hours = minutes / 0; minutes = minutes % 0; printf("elapsed time is : %dh: %dm: %ds\n", hours, minutes, seconds); Example.Create a program that reads in one natural number. This number shall be multiplied with in two different ways. 0 Note: Use (* and << )! Consider as + +. int no, result, result; printf("input an integer : "); scanf("%d", &no); result = no * ; result = (no << ) + (no << ) + no; printf("%d * = %d\n", no, result); printf("(%d << )+(%d << )+%d = %d\n", no, no, no, result); Example. Create a program that reads a natural number and prints out the corresponding character from the ASCII-table. Note:A correct input of the user is expected, i.e. within range (0..). Values within range (...) belong to the extended cod ASCII. 0 int a; char b; printf(" Input a number that will be transformed into ASCII:"); b = (char)a; // Transformation of the number into ASCII character // using typecast operator

4 Programming I Laboratory - lesson 0 printf(" The number %d corresponds in ASCII cod to the character \" %c\"\n", a, b); Example. Create a program that reads in two natural numbers on which are performed all bitwise operations. 0 0 int a, b; printf("please input two values\n"); printf("a : "); printf("b : "); printf("not a: %d\n", ~a); printf("not b: %d\n", ~b); printf("a and b : %d\n", a & b); printf("a or b : %d\n", a b); printf("a xor b : %d\n", a^b); printf("a << b : %d\n", a<<b); printf("a >> b : %d\n", a>>b); Example.Create a program that combines two Boolean values with the following logical operators: AND, OR and XOR. Print out the values. 0 0 int a, b; printf("please input two values\n"); printf("a : "); printf("b : "); printf(" not a: %d\n",!a); printf(" not b: %d\n",!b); printf("a and b : %d\n", a && b); printf("a or b : %d\n", a b); printf("a xor b : %d\n", (a &&!b) (!a && b));

5 Programming I Laboratory - lesson 0 Example.Create a program that calculates and that prints out the area of a square as well as the volume of a cuboid. The side length will be read from the keyboard. 0 float len, area, volume ; printf("input the lenght of square/cuboid: \n"); printf("lenght = "); scanf("%f", &len); area =len * len; volume =len * len * len; // or: volume = area * len; printf("area of square is: %0.f\n", area) ; printf("volume of cuboid is: %0.f\n", volume); Example 0.Create a program that reads in three natural numbers and determines the largerof them using ternary operator (? : ). 0 int a, b, c, max ; printf("input three integers: \n"); printf("a = "); printf("b = "); printf("c = "); scanf("%d", &c); max = (( a > b )&&( a > c ))? a : ( b > c )? b : c ; printf("the larger value of %d, %d, %d is %d\n", a, b, c, max);

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