MatLab Just a beginning

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1 MatLab Just a beginning P.Kanungo Dept. of E & TC, C.V. Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar

2 Introduction MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. MATLAB is an acronym for MATrix LABoratory. The typical uses are: Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface building

3 History Ancestral software to MATLAB Fortran subroutines for solving linear equations (LINPACK) and eigenvalue (EISPACK) problems Developed primarily by Cleve Moler in the 1970 s Later, when teaching courses in mathematics, Moler wanted his students to be able to use LINPACK and EISPACK without requiring knowledge of Fortran MATLAB developed as an interactive system to access LINPACK and EISPACK

4 History Contd. MATLAB gained popularity primarily through word of mouth because it was not officially distributed In the 1980 s, MATLAB was rewritten in C with more functionality (such as plotting routines) The Mathworks, Inc. was created in 1984 The Mathworks is now responsible for development, sale, and support for MATLAB

5 MATLAB Functions Graphics 2-D Graphics 3-D Graphics Color and Lighting Animation Computations Linear Algebra Data Analysis Signal Processing Polynomials & Interpolation Solutions of ODE Toolboxes Signal Processing Image Processing Statistics Control System System Identification Neural Networks Communications

6 Basic building block of MATLAB is Matrix. Basic data-type is array. No need to declare dimension of the matrix. The built-in functions are optimized for vector operations.

7 Arithmetic Operators The arithmetic operators are: + : addition - : subtraction * : multiplication / : division ^ : exponentiation e.g: 1. X = 2^5 (exponentiation) 2. Y = 7/8 (division operation)

8 Exponential and Logarithms e x exp(x) ln x log(x) log 10 x log10(x)

9 Trigonometric Functions sine(x) cosine(x) tan(x) cot(x) sec(x) cosec(x) arcsin(x) arctan(x) sin(x) cos(x) tan(x) cot(x) sec(x) csc(x) asin(x) atan(x)

10 Matlab Command Window File Types Lunch Pad Workspace Command Hist. Current Directory Graphics Window M -files Mat - files Mex-files Mat files: standard binary data files Mex-files : callable Fortran and C programs Edit Window

11

12 Creating and Printing Simple Plots plot : creates a 2-D line plot axis : changes the aspect ratio of x and y axes xlabel : annotates the x-axis ylabel : annotates the y-axis title : puts a title on the plot print : prints a hard-copy of the plot e.g. t =linspace(0,2*pi,100) x = cos(t); y = sin(t); plot(x,y)

13 Script File A user created file with a sequence of Matlab commands Must be saved with *.m extension like fact.m, fibonacci.m etc. Can be executed by typing its name at the command prompt.

14

15

16 Matrices and Vectors A matrix is constructed row-wise. The individual elements are separated by comma or space. The individual columns are separated by semicolon. e.g 1. A = [1 2 5; 3 4 6] 6. A =[1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9]; 2. B = [3 5 2; 1 4 5] 7. C = A^2 3. C = A + B 8. D = A.^2 4. D = A-B 9. D = A 5 D =A*B 10. D = A/B

17 The eval Function Used to evaluate text strings and execute them like Matlab commands. e.g: eval( x = 5*sin(pi/3) ); The inline Function Used to evaluate functions used frequently. Suitable for small computation. e.g: F = inline( x*6 ); F(5);

18 Loops, Branches and Control-flow It has control-flow statements like for-loops, whileloops and if-elseif-else branching. Break, error and return to control execution of scripts and functions. For loops Num = 0; for m = 1:2:10 For m=1:100 disp( ) num =num+m; end End; for m = 10:-2:0 Avg = num/m disp( ) end

19 While loops To execute a statement or a group of statements indefinite number of times until the condition being satisfied. e.g v=1; num=1;i= 1; while num < 100 end num = 2 ^ i; v=[v ;num]; i = i +1;

20 If-elseif-else statements Provides logical branching for computations. e.g i =6; j =21; if i>5 k =i; elseif (i>1) & (j==20) k = 5*i+j else k = 1; end

21 Switch case A logical branch for computation The syntax is: color = input( color =, s ); switch flag switch color case value1 case red c = [1 0 0]; statements; case green case value2 c = [0 1 0]; statements; case blue otherwise c = [0 0 1]; last block otherwise computation error( invalid choice ) end; end

22 Break Used to break inside a for or while loop to terminate the execution although the condition may be satisfied. For nested loops, the break statement terminates the innermost loop. e.g for i = 1: length(v) if v(i) < 0 break end a = a + v(i) end

23 Error This command inside a script or function aborts the execution displays the error message and returns control to keyboard e.g function c = division(a,b); %calculate the division if b == 0 error( Sorry, denominator can t be zero) End

24 Input Used to prompt the user to input the number or string. Used to write interactive functions or programs. e.g n = input( Length of the sequence ); more = input( More Simulations? (Y/N), s );

25 Strengths of MATLAB MATLAB is relatively easy to learn MATLAB code is optimized to be relatively quick when performing matrix operations MATLAB may behave like a calculator or as a programming language MATLAB is interpreted, errors are easier to fix Although primarily procedural, MATLAB does have some object-oriented elements

26 Weaknesses of MATLAB MATLAB is NOT a general purpose programming language MATLAB is an interpreted language (making it for the most part slower than a compiled language such as C++) MATLAB is designed for scientific computation and is not suitable for some things (such as parsing text)

27 Introduction to Signal Processing

28 Signal and System Signal and System are very much dependent on each other. Signal is a function of one or more independent variables that convey information. Examples: Speech signal Blood pressure of a patient Image

29 System is an entity that manipulates one or more signals to accomplish a function. Input Signal System Output Signal e.g: Automatic finger print identification system An aircraft landing system Automatic Speaker recognition system

30 Input Signal? Output Signal Mathematical modeling of the system is required. To validate the modeling simulation is required.

31 Signal Classification Continuous time / Discrete time signal Analog / Digital Signal Periodic / Aperiodic Signal Energy / Power Signal Deterministic / Probabilistic Signal

32 Lots More to Come

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