Contents. 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet. Before You Begin

Transcription

1 Contents Preface Before You Begin xxiii xxxvii 1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and Visual C# Introduction Computers and the Internet in Industry and Research Hardware and Software Moore s Law Computer Organization Data Hierarchy Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages Object Technology Internet and World Wide Web C# Object-Oriented Programming Event-Driven Programming Visual Programming An International Standard C# on Other Platforms Internet and Web Programming Asynchronous Programming with async and await Other Key Programming Languages Microsoft s.net NET Framework Common Language Runtime Platform Independence Language Interoperability Microsoft s Windows Operating System Visual Studio Integrated Development Environment Painter Test-Drive in Visual Studio Community 23

2 viii Contents 2 Introduction to Visual Studio and Visual Programming Introduction Overview of the Visual Studio Community 2015 IDE Introduction to Visual Studio Community Visual Studio Themes Links on the Start Page Creating a New Project New Project Dialog and Project Templates Forms and Controls Menu Bar and Toolbar Navigating the Visual Studio IDE Solution Explorer Toolbox Properties Window Help Menu and Context-Sensitive Help Visual Programming: Creating a Simple App that Displays Text and an Image Wrap-Up Web Resources 57 3 Introduction to C# App Programming Introduction Simple App: Displaying a Line of Text Comments using Directive Blank Lines and Whitespace Class Declaration Main Method Displaying a Line of Text Matching Left ({) and Right (}) Braces Creating a Simple App in Visual Studio Creating the Console App Changing the Name of the App File Writing Code and Using IntelliSense Compiling and Running the App Errors, Error Messages and the Error List Window Modifying Your Simple C# App Displaying a Single Line of Text with Multiple Statements Displaying Multiple Lines of Text with a Single Statement String Interpolation Another C# App: Adding Integers Declaring the int Variable number Declaring Variables number2 and sum 83

3 Contents ix Prompting the User for Input Reading a Value into Variable number Prompting the User for Input and Reading a Value into number Summing number1 and number Displaying the sum with string Interpolation Performing Calculations in Output Statements Memory Concepts Arithmetic Arithmetic Expressions in Straight-Line Form Parentheses for Grouping Subexpressions Rules of Operator Precedence Sample Algebraic and C# Expressions Redundant Parentheses Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators Wrap-Up 94 4 Introduction to Classes, Objects, Methods and strings Introduction Test-Driving an Account Class Instantiating an Object Keyword new Calling Class Account s GetName Method Inputting a Name from the User Calling Class Account s SetName Method Account Class with an Instance Variable and Set and Get Methods Account Class Declaration Keyword class and the Class Body Instance Variable name of Type string SetName Method GetName Method Access Modifiers private and public Account UML Class Diagram Creating, Compiling and Running a Visual C# Project with Two Classes Software Engineering with Set and Get Methods Account Class with a Property Rather Than Set and Get Methods Class AccountTest Using Account s Name Property Account Class with an Instance Variable and a Property Account UML Class Diagram with a Property Auto-Implemented Properties Account Class: Initializing Objects with Constructors Declaring an Account Constructor for Custom Object Initialization Class AccountTest: Initializing Account Objects When They re Created 124

4 x Contents 4.9 Account Class with a Balance; Processing Monetary Amounts Account Class with a decimal balance Instance Variable AccountTest Class That Uses Account Objects with Balances Wrap-Up Algorithm Development and Control Statements: Part Introduction Algorithms Pseudocode Control Structures Sequence Structure Selection Statements Iteration Statements Summary of Control Statements if Single-Selection Statement if else Double-Selection Statement Nested if else Statements Dangling-else Problem Blocks Conditional Operator (?:) Student Class: Nested if else Statements while Iteration Statement Formulating Algorithms: Counter-Controlled Iteration Pseudocode Algorithm with Counter-Controlled Iteration Implementing Counter-Controlled Iteration Integer Division and Truncation Formulating Algorithms: Sentinel-Controlled Iteration Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: The Top and First Refinement Second Refinement Implementing Sentinel-Controlled Iteration Program Logic for Sentinel-Controlled Iteration Braces in a while Statement Converting Between Simple Types Explicitly and Implicitly Formatting Floating-Point Numbers Formulating Algorithms: Nested Control Statements Problem Statement Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Pseudocode Representation of the Top Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: First Refinement Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement: Second Refinement Complete Second Refinement of the Pseudocode App That Implements the Pseudocode Algorithm Compound Assignment Operators 173

5 Contents xi 5.13 Increment and Decrement Operators Prefix Increment vs. Postfix Increment Simplifying Increment Statements Operator Precedence and Associativity Simple Types Wrap-Up Control Statements: Part Introduction Essentials of Counter-Controlled Iteration for Iteration Statement A Closer Look at the for Statement s Header General Format of a for Statement Scope of a for Statement s Control Variable Expressions in a for Statement s Header Are Optional Placing Arithmetic Expressions in a for Statement s Header Using a for Statement s Control Variable in the Statement s Body UML Activity Diagram for the for Statement Examples Using the for Statement App: Summing Even Integers App: Compound-Interest Calculations Performing the Interest Calculations with Math Method pow Formatting with Field Widths and Alignment Caution: Do Not Use float or double for Monetary Amounts do while Iteration Statement switch Multiple-Selection Statement Using a switch Statement to Count A, B, C, D and F Grades switch Statement UML Activity Diagram Notes on the Expression in Each case of a switch Class AutoPolicy Case Study: strings in switch Statements break and continue Statements break Statement continue Statement Logical Operators Conditional AND (&&) Operator Conditional OR ( ) Operator Short-Circuit Evaluation of Complex Conditions Boolean Logical AND (&) and Boolean Logical OR ( ) Operators Boolean Logical Exclusive OR (^) Logical Negation (!) Operator Logical Operators Example Structured-Programming Summary Wrap-Up 226

6 xii Contents 7 Methods: A Deeper Look Introduction Packaging Code in C# Modularizing Programs Calling Methods static Methods, static Variables and Class Math Math Class Methods Math Class Constants PI and E Why Is Main Declared static? Additional Comments About Main Methods with Multiple Parameters Keyword static Method Maximum Assembling strings with Concatenation Breaking Apart Large string Literals When to Declare Variables as Fields Implementing Method Maximum by Reusing Method Math.Max Notes on Using Methods Argument Promotion and Casting Promotion Rules Sometimes Explicit Casts Are Required The.NET Framework Class Library Case Study: Random-Number Generation Creating an Object of Type Random Generating a Random Integer Scaling the Random-Number Range Shifting Random-Number Range Combining Shifting and Scaling Rolling a Six-Sided Die Scaling and Shifting Random Numbers Repeatability for Testing and Debugging Case Study: A Game of Chance; Introducing Enumerations Method RollDice Method Main s Local Variables enum Type Status The First Roll enum Type DiceNames Underlying Type of an enum Comparing Integers and enum Constants Scope of Declarations Method-Call Stack and Activation Records Method-Call Stack Stack Frames Local Variables and Stack Frames Stack Overflow Method-Call Stack in Action 266

7 Contents xiii 7.12 Method Overloading Declaring Overloaded Methods Distinguishing Between Overloaded Methods Return Types of Overloaded Methods Optional Parameters Named Parameters C# 6 Expression-Bodied Methods and Properties Recursion Base Cases and Recursive Calls Recursive Factorial Calculations Implementing Factorial Recursively Value Types vs. Reference Types Passing Arguments By Value and By Reference ref and out Parameters Demonstrating ref, out and Value Parameters Wrap-Up Arrays; Introduction to Exception Handling Introduction Arrays Declaring and Creating Arrays Examples Using Arrays Creating and Initializing an Array Using an Array Initializer Calculating a Value to Store in Each Array Element Summing the Elements of an Array Iterating Through Arrays with foreach Using Bar Charts to Display Array Data Graphically; Introducing Type Inference with var Using the Elements of an Array as Counters Using Arrays to Analyze Survey Results; Introduction to Exception Handling Summarizing the Results Exception Handling: Processing the Incorrect Response The try Statement Executing the catch Block Message Property of the Exception Parameter Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation Class Card and Getter-Only Auto-Implemented Properties Class DeckOfCards Shuffling and Dealing Cards Passing Arrays and Array Elements to Methods Case Study: GradeBook Using an Array to Store Grades Multidimensional Arrays Rectangular Arrays 329

8 xiv Contents Jagged Arrays Two-Dimensional Array Example: Displaying Element Values Case Study: GradeBook Using a Rectangular Array Variable-Length Argument Lists Using Command-Line Arguments (Optional) Passing Arrays by Value and by Reference Wrap-Up Introduction to LINQ and the List Collection Introduction Querying an Array of int Values Using LINQ The from Clause The where Clause The select Clause Iterating Through the Results of the LINQ Query The orderby Clause Interface IEnumerable<T> Querying an Array of Employee Objects Using LINQ Accessing the Properties of a LINQ Query s Range Variable Sorting a LINQ Query s Results by Multiple Properties Any, First and Count Extension Methods Selecting a Property of an Object Creating New Types in the select Clause of a LINQ Query Introduction to Collections List<T> Collection Dynamically Resizing a List<T> Collection Querying the Generic List Collection Using LINQ The let Clause Deferred Execution Extension Methods ToArray and ToList Collection Initializers Wrap-Up Deitel LINQ Resource Center Classes and Objects: A Deeper Look Introduction Time Class Case Study; Throwing Exceptions Time1 Class Declaration Using Class Time Controlling Access to Members Referring to the Current Object s Members with the this Reference Time Class Case Study: Overloaded Constructors Class Time2 with Overloaded Constructors Using Class Time2 s Overloaded Constructors 406

9 Contents xv 10.6 Default and Parameterless Constructors Composition Class Date Class Employee Class EmployeeTest Garbage Collection and Destructors static Class Members readonly Instance Variables Class View and Object Browser Using the Class View Window Using the Object Browser Object Initializers Operator Overloading; Introducing struct Creating Value Types with struct Value Type ComplexNumber Class ComplexTest Time Class Case Study: Extension Methods Wrap-Up Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance Introduction Base Classes and Derived Classes protected Members Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class without Using Inheritance Creating a CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using protected Instance Variables CommissionEmployee BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance Hierarchy Using private Instance Variables Constructors in Derived Classes Software Engineering with Inheritance Class object Wrap-Up OOP: Polymorphism and Interfaces Introduction Polymorphism Examples Demonstrating Polymorphic Behavior Abstract Classes and Methods Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 478

10 xvi Contents Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class BasePlusCommissionEmployee Polymorphic Processing, Operator is and Downcasting Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class and Derived-Class Variables sealed Methods and Classes Case Study: Creating and Using Interfaces Developing an IPayable Hierarchy Declaring Interface IPayable Creating Class Invoice Modifying Class Employee to Implement Interface IPayable Using Interface IPayable to Process Invoices and Employees Polymorphically Common Interfaces of the.net Framework Class Library Wrap-Up Exception Handling: A Deeper Look Introduction Example: Divide by Zero without Exception Handling Dividing By Zero Enter a Non-Numeric Denominator Unhandled Exceptions Terminate the App Example: Handling DivideByZeroExceptions and FormatExceptions Enclosing Code in a try Block Catching Exceptions Uncaught Exceptions Termination Model of Exception Handling Flow of Control When Exceptions Occur NET Exception Hierarchy Class SystemException Which Exceptions Might a Method Throw? finally Block Moving Resource-Release Code to a finally Block Demonstrating the finally Block Throwing Exceptions Using the throw Statement Rethrowing Exceptions Returning After a finally Block The using Statement Exception Properties Property InnerException Other Exception Properties Demonstrating Exception Properties and Stack Unwinding 528

11 Contents xvii Throwing an Exception with an InnerException Displaying Information About the Exception User-Defined Exception Classes Checking for null References; Introducing C# 6 s?. Operator Null-Conditional Operator (?.) Revisiting Operators is and as Nullable Types Null Coalescing Operator (??) Exception Filters and the C# 6 when Clause Wrap-Up Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part Introduction Windows Forms Event Handling A Simple Event-Driven GUI Auto-Generated GUI Code Delegates and the Event-Handling Mechanism Another Way to Create Event Handlers Locating Event Information Control Properties and Layout Anchoring and Docking Using Visual Studio To Edit a GUI s Layout Labels, TextBoxes and Buttons GroupBoxes and Panels CheckBoxes and RadioButtons CheckBoxes Combining Font Styles with Bitwise Operators RadioButtons PictureBoxes ToolTips NumericUpDown Control Mouse-Event Handling Keyboard-Event Handling Wrap-Up Graphical User Interfaces with Windows Forms: Part Introduction Menus MonthCalendar Control DateTimePicker Control 609

12 xviii Contents 15.5 LinkLabel Control ListBox Control CheckedListBox Control ComboBox Control TreeView Control ListView Control TabControl Control Multiple Document Interface (MDI) Windows Visual Inheritance User-Defined Controls Wrap-Up Strings and Characters: A Deeper Look Introduction Fundamentals of Characters and Strings string Constructors string Indexer, Length Property and CopyTo Method Comparing strings Locating Characters and Substrings in strings Extracting Substrings from strings Concatenating strings Miscellaneous string Methods Class StringBuilder Length and Capacity Properties, EnsureCapacity Method and Indexer of Class StringBuilder Append and AppendFormat Methods of Class StringBuilder Insert, Remove and Replace Methods of Class StringBuilder Char Methods Introduction to Regular Expressions (Online) Wrap-Up Files and Streams Introduction Files and Streams Creating a Sequential-Access Text File Reading Data from a Sequential-Access Text File Case Study: Credit-Inquiry Program Serialization Creating a Sequential-Access File Using Object Serialization Reading and Deserializing Data from a Binary File Classes File and Directory Demonstrating Classes File and Directory Searching Directories with LINQ Wrap-Up 735

13 Contents xix 18 Searching and Sorting Introduction Searching Algorithms Linear Search Binary Search Sorting Algorithms Selection Sort Insertion Sort Merge Sort Summary of the Efficiency of Searching and Sorting Algorithms Wrap-Up Custom Linked Data Structures Introduction Simple-Type structs, Boxing and Unboxing Self-Referential Classes Linked Lists Stacks Queues Trees Binary Search Tree of Integer Values Binary Search Tree of IComparable Objects Wrap-Up Generics Introduction Motivation for Generic Methods Generic-Method Implementation Type Constraints IComparable<T> Interface Specifying Type Constraints Overloading Generic Methods Generic Classes Wrap-Up Generic Collections; Functional Programming with LINQ/PLINQ Introduction Collections Overview Class Array and Enumerators C# 6 using static Directive Class UsingArray s static Fields Array Method Sort 849

14 xx Contents Array Method Copy Array Method BinarySearch Array Method GetEnumerator and Interface IEnumerator Iterating Over a Collection with foreach Array Methods Clear, IndexOf, LastIndexOf and Reverse Dictionary Collections Dictionary Fundamentals Using the SortedDictionary Collection Generic LinkedList Collection C# 6 Null Conditional Operator?[] C# 6 Dictionary Initializers and Collection Initializers Delegates Declaring a Delegate Type Declaring a Delegate Variable Delegate Parameters Passing a Method Name Directly to a Delegate Parameter Lambda Expressions Expression Lambdas Assigning Lambdas to Delegate Variables Explicitly Typed Lambda Parameters Statement Lambdas Introduction to Functional Programming Functional Programming with LINQ Method-Call Syntax and Lambdas LINQ Extension Methods Min, Max, Sum and Average Aggregate Extension Method for Reduction Operations The Where Extension Method for Filtering Operations Select Extension Method for Mapping Operations PLINQ: Improving LINQ to Objects Performance with Multicore (Optional) Covariance and Contravariance for Generic Types Wrap-Up Databases and LINQ Introduction Relational Databases A Books Database LINQ to Entities and the ADO.NET Entity Framework Querying a Database with LINQ Creating the ADO.NET Entity Data Model Class Library Creating a Windows Forms Project and Configuring It to Use the Entity Data Model Data Bindings Between Controls and the Entity Data Model Dynamically Binding Query Results Creating the Display Query Results GUI Coding the Display Query Results App Retrieving Data from Multiple Tables with LINQ 919

15 Contents xxi 22.8 Creating a Master/Detail View App Creating the Master/Detail GUI Coding the Master/Detail App Address Book Case Study Creating the Address Book App s GUI Coding the Address Book App Tools and Web Resources Wrap-Up Asynchronous Programming with async and await Introduction Basics of async and await async Modifier await Expression async, await and Threads Executing an Asynchronous Task from a GUI App Performing a Task Asynchronously Method calculatebutton_click Task Method Run: Executing Asynchronously in a Separate Thread awaiting the Result Calculating the Next Fibonacci Value Synchronously Sequential Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks Asynchronous Execution of Two Compute-Intensive Tasks awaiting Multiple Tasks with Task Method WhenAll Method StartFibonacci Modifying a GUI from a Separate Thread awaiting One of Several Tasks with Task Method WhenAny Invoking a Flickr Web Service Asynchronously with HttpClient Using Class HttpClient to Invoke a Web Service Invoking the Flickr Web Service s flickr.photos.search Method Processing the XML Response Binding the Photo Titles to the ListBox Asynchronously Downloading an Image s Bytes Displaying an Asynchronous Task s Progress Wrap-Up 968 Chapters on the Web 975 A Operator Precedence Chart 976 B Simple Types 978

16 xxii Contents C ASCII Character Set 980 Appendices on the Web 981 Index 983 Online Topics PDFs presenting additional topics for advanced college courses and professionals are available through the book s Companion Website: New copies of this book come with a Companion Website access code that s located on the book s inside front cover. If the access code is already visible or there is no card, you purchased a used book or an edition that does not come with an access code you can purchase access directly from the Companion Website. Web App Development with ASP.NET XML and LINQ to XML Universal Windows Platform (UWP) GUI, Graphics, Multimedia and XAML REST Web Services Cloud Computing with Microsoft Azure Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) GUI, Graphics, Multimedia and XAML ATM Case Study, Part 1: Object-Oriented Design with the UML ATM Case Study, Part 2: Implementing an Object- Oriented Design in C# Using the Visual Studio Debugger