ECE2049: Homework 1. Due: Thursday, 25 May 2017 by 7pm

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1 Due: Thursday, 25 May 2017 by 7pm Submission notes: For full credit, please show your work and denote your answers with a circle or a box. Always write and draw your diagrams neatly! We cannot be expected to GUESS what you meant to write! Please staple your work before submitting and remove any ruffled edges from notebook paper. Points for each problem are as indicated. Some portions of problems are marked as BONUS, which count as extra credit. 1. (15 pts) You are given three 16-bit values shown below. Each of these values can be interpreted as: An unsigned number A sign-magnitude number A two s complement number Provide the decimal (base 10) equivalent of each value for each of these interpretations. Show your work. a. 0x2040 b. 0x4BE5 c. 0xBEEF ECE2049-E17 Page 1 of 5

2 2. (10 pts) Answer the following questions regarding execution of loops. Assume that the code below is executed on an MSP430 (ie, an int has a size of two bytes). a. In the following code segment, how many times does the loop iterate? What are the values of kk, mm, and inval (in decimal) at the beginning and end of the first loop, and the beginning and end of the final loop? unsigned int inval, out, kk = 0x0001, mm = 0x1000; char count = 1; while(kk!= 0) { inval = (mm + kk) / kk; out = somefunction(inval); mm /= 2; kk = kk << 1; } b. In the code segment below, what is the value of count in the last three loops? char count = 1; while(count > 0) { // Do some things... count++; } ECE2049-E17 Page 2 of 5

3 3. (20 pts) In a table like the one below, show how the following variables would be stored successively in memory by: A Little-endian CPU A Big-endian CPU long long unsigned int ser_num = 0x00A1B2C3D4E500FF; // An unsigned 64-bit integer int ii = -12; // Two s complement 16-bit integer char *class = ECE2049 ; // Character array containing ASCII text int arr[2] = {255, -1}; // 2-element array of int int *pii = &ii; // Pointer to integer ii (need to arrange ii in memory // before you know its value) long unsigned int count = 89562; a. First, determine the representation of each variable listed above in hex. (Skip variable pii for now you can t determine its value until you start part (b)). b. Next, arrange the variables as they would be stored in memory starting at address 0x4300. To do this, make a table similar to the one below, labeling each address and denoting which byte would be stored in that address in each case. Remember that each address in memory holds 1 byte. Address Little Big Endian Endian 0x4302 0x4301 0x4300 Note: This table is usually drawn with the lowest memory address at the bottom of the table, as shown here: c. Is the MSP430 architecture we use in class big or little endian? d. What if we added one additional variable in the example above as shown below. Based on only the code below, what is the value of new_var? How is it arranged in memory? long unsigned int count = 89562; // Last variable from above unsigned int new_var; ECE2049-E17 Page 3 of 5

4 4. (15 pts) ASCII conversion: In lab you will regularly need to display numbers on the LCD screen. Therefore, you will need to convert between integer digits and their ASCII representations and vice versa. a. What are the ASCII codes (in hex) for the characters 0, 1, 2, 3,, 9? b. What C code would you use to convert a single decimal digit to its ASCII code? You can express your answer using the template below (you should only need one line of code). int digit; // Assume this contains a single digit (0-9) char c =??? // Convert digit to its ASCII representation c. Assume that integer D has the value 1036 and has been converted into an array of ASCII values D_str for display on our LCD, as illustrated in the example below. Assuming the array displays correctly (that is, all digits are shown in left-to-right order), what codes (in hex) are stored in each element of the array? Explain your reasoning. int D = 1036; char D_str[4]; // Array to store characters of each digit Assume D gets filled with ASCII characters here... // What is the value for each element of D_str? // D_str[0] =??? // D_str[1] =??? // D_str[2] =??? // D_str[3] =??? ECE2049-E17 Page 4 of 5

5 5. (20 pts) Caesar Cipher: One of the earliest known examples of cryptography is the Caesar Cipher, which was allegedly used by Julius Caesar in ancient Rome to send military messages. To encode a message, each letter was simply shifted by three letters in the alphabet, such that A becomes D, B becomes E and so on letters that would shift beyond the end of the alphabet wrap around to the beginning, so Y becomes B, Z becomes C, etc. Thus, encoding the message APPLE would produce DSSOH. a. What C code would you use to encrypt a single letter using the Caesar cipher? You can do this with only a few lines of code (or maybe just one). You may assume all letters are in upper case. b. Write a function in C to encrypt an arbitrary string of characters (all in upper case) using the Caesar cipher. Your function should take two parameters as inputs: the array of characters to encrypt, and an integer indicating the length of the array. Write an example main() showing how to call your function. 6. (20 pts) This problem involves converting numbers in IEEE754 floating-point format. Express the following number as a 32-bit floating point value. Show your work, and express your final answer in hex: a The following 32-bit hexadecimal values encode a 32-bit floating point number. Find the decimal value each one represents. Show your work. b. 0x422A8000 c. 0x3C d. BONUS (5 pts): Express the number as a 32-bit floating point value. How accurate is the floating point representation? ECE2049-E17 Page 5 of 5

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