Introduction to Python
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1 Introduction to Python Reading assignment: Perkovic text, Ch. 1 and
2 Python Python is an interactive language. Java or C++: compile, run Also, a main function or method Python: type expressions directly into interactive shell (or load them from a file) Wherever you want your program to start, type this into the interactive shell (or in a file that is loaded into the shell)
3 Python Download and run We will use v Downloads the Python language, plus an interactive shell called idle To run: type idle into Search programs and files You can type Python expressions directly into the idle window Or, you can open a file window by clicking New file under the File menu, or Ctrl-o To load Python code from a file, hit F5 key
4 Algebraic expressions The Python interactive shell can be used to evaluate algebraic expressions 14//3 is the quotient when 14 is divided by 3 and 14%3 is the remainder 2**3 is 2 to the 3 rd power abs(), min(), and max() are functions abs() takes a number as input and returns its absolute value min() (resp., max()) take an arbitrary number of inputs and return the smallest (resp., largest ) among them >>> >>> >>> >>> 7-5 >>> 2 2*(3+1) 8 >>> 2*(3+1) >>> 8 5/2 2.5 >>> 5/2 >>> 2.5 5//2 2 >>> 5//2 >>> 2 14//3 >>> 4 14//3 4 >>> 14%3 >>> 2 14%3 2 >>> 2**3 >>> 8 2**3 8 >>> min(3, 2, 4) >>> 2 abs(-3.2) 3.2 >>> min(23,41,15,24) 15 >>> max(23,41,15,24) 41
5 Operator precedence Introduction to Computing Using Python In algrabraic expressions that use more than one operator, Python must have some way to determine the order in which operators are applied. For example: >>> * 5 (is it 25 or 17?) It s 17, because * has higher precedence than + In other words * is computed first You can always override precedence by using parentheses
6 Functions Introduction to Computing Using Python A function is a sequence of simple statements that is given a name Many functions are built in to the Python language Examples: abs, min, max When you call a function, you must place parentheses after it; e.g., abs(-4) NOT abs -4
7 Functions Introduction to Computing Using Python Functions are often passed parameters which are pieces of information a function needs to run Example: >>> abs(-3) 3 Different functions take different numbers of parameters. For example:
8 Functions abs takes one parameter Introduction to Computing Using Python >>> abs(-1) 1 min takes one or more parameters >>> min(2,1) 1 >>> min(4, 2, 6) 2 Some take no parameters >>> import time >>> time.time()
9 Comments Introduction to Computing Using Python When you write non-trivial code, it is important to comment it. Comment symbol is # Anything on a line that is after # will be ignored by the computer
10 Comments Comments are used to make code more understandable for people (including you) Introduction to Computing Using Python Example: x = * radius * radius # compute the area of a circle Don t overcomment: y = 3 # set the value of y to 3 Even the first example of a comment might not be necessary
11 Boolean expressions In addition to algebraic expressions, Python can evaluate Boolean expressions Boolean expressions evaluate to or False Boolean expressions often involve arithmetic comparison operators <, >, ==,!=, <=, and >= In an expression containing algebraic and comparison operators: Algebraic operators are evaluated first Comparison operators are evaluated next >>> 2 < 3 >>> 2 > 3 False >>> 2 == 3 False >>> 2!= 3 >>> 2 <= 3 >>> 2 >= 3 False >>> 2+4 == 2*(9/3)
12 Logical operators Logical operators can also be used in Boolean expressions - and, or, not In a an expression containing algebraic, comparison, and Boolean operators: Algebraic operators are evaluated first Comparison operators are evaluated next Boolean operators are evaluated last >>> 2<3 and 3<4 >>> 4==5 and 3<4 False >>> False and False >>> and >>> 4==5 or 3<4 >>> False or >>> False or False False >>> not(3<4) False >>> not() False >>> not(false) >>> 4+1==5 or 4-1<4
13 Exercise Translate the following into Python algebraic or Boolean expressions and then evaluate them: a) The total of 14.99, 27.95, and b) The area of a rectangle of length 20 and width 15 c) 2 to the 10 th power d) The minimum of 3, 1, 8, -2, 5, -3, and 0 e) 3 equals 4-2 f) The value of 17//5 is 3 g) The value of 17%5 is 3 h) 284 is even i) 284 is even and 284 is divisible by 3 j) 284 is even or 284 is divisible by 3 >>> >>> 20* >>> 2** >>> min(3, 1, 8, -2, 5, -3, 0) -3 >>> 3 == 4-2 False >>> 17//5 == 3 >>> 17%5 == 3 False >>> 284%2 == 0 >>> 284%2 == 0 and 284%3 == 0 False >>> 284%2 == 0 or 284%3 == 0
14 Variables and assignments Just as in algebra, a value can be assigned to a variable, such as x When variable x appears inside an expression, it evaluates to its assigned value A variable (name) does not exist until it is assigned The assignment statement has the format >>> x = 3 >>> x 3 >>> 4*x 12 >>> y Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#18>", line 1, in <module> y NameError: name 'y' is not defined >>> y = 5*x 15 >>> y 15 <variable> = <expression> <expression> is evaluated first, and the resulting value is assigned to variable <variable>
15 Naming rules Variable names can contain these characters: a through z A through Z the underscore character _ digits 0 through 9 Names cannot start with a digit For a multiple-word name, use either the underscore as the delimiter or camelcase capitalization Short and meaningful names are ideal >>> My_x2 = 21 >>> My_x2 21 >>> 2x = 22 SyntaxError: invalid syntax >>> new_temp = 23 >>> newtemp = 23 >>> counter = 0 >>> temp = 1 >>> price = 2 >>> age = 3
16 Strings In addition to number and Boolean values, Python supports string values "Hello, 'Hello, World!' World!" >>> 'Hello, World!' 'Hello, World!' >>> s = 'rock' >>> t = 'climbing' >>> A string value is represented as a sequence of characters enclosed within quotes A string value can be assigned to a variable String values can be manipulated using string operators and functions
17 Usage x in s String operators x not in s s + t s * n, n * s s[i] len(s) Explanation x is a substring of s x is not a substring of s Concatenation of s and t Concatenation of n copies of s Character at index i of s (function) Length of string s To view all operators, use the help() tool >> help(str) Help on class str in module builtins: class str(object) str(object= )-> str... >>> 'Hello, World!' 'Hello, World!' >>> s = 'rock' >>> t = 'climbing' >>> s == 'rock' >>> s!= t >>> s < t False >>> s > t >>> s + t 'rockclimbing' >>> s + ' ' + t 'rock climbing' >>> 5 * s 'rockrockrockrockrock' >>> 30 * '_' ' ' >>> 'o' in s >>> 'o' in t False >>> 'bi' in t >>> len(t) 8
18 Exercise Write Python expressions involving strings s1, s2, and s3 that correspond to: a) 'll' appears in s3 b) the blank space does not appear in s1 c) the concatenation of s1, s2, and s3 d) the blank space appears in the concatenation of s1, s2, and s3 e) the concatenation of 10 copies of s3 f) the total number of characters in s1, s2, and s3 combined >>> s1 >>> s1 'good' 'good' >>> s2 >>> s2 'bad' 'bad' >>> s3 >>> s3 'silly' 'silly' >>> >>> 'll' in s3 >>> ' ' not in s1 >>> s1 + s2 + s3 'goodbadsilly >>> ' ' in s1 + s2 + s3 False >>> 10*s3 'sillysillysillysillysillysillysillysillysillysilly' >>> len(s1+s2+s3) 12 >>>
19 Index and indexing operator The index of an item in a sequence is its position with respect to the first item The first item has index 0, The second has index 1, The third has index 2, The indexing operator [] takes a s = ' A p p l e ' nonnegative index i and returns a string consisting of the single character at index i s[0] = s[1] = s[2] = s[3] = s[4] = 'A' 'p' 'p' 'l' 'e' >>> s = 'Apple' >>> s[0] 'A' >>> s[1] 'p' >>> s[4] 'e'
20 Negative index A negative index is used to specify a position with respect to the end The last item has index -1, The second to last item has index -2, The third to last item has index -3, s = s[-1] = s[-2] = s[-5] = ' A p p l e ' 'A' 'l' 'e' >>> s = 'Apple' >>> s[-1] 'e' >>> s[-2] 'l' >>> s[-5] 'A'
21 Exercise String s is defined to be 'abcdefgh' Write expressions using s and the indexing operator [] that return the following strings: a) 'a' b) 'c' c) 'h' d) 'f' >>> s = 'abcdefgh' >>> s[0] 'a' >>> s[2] 'c' >>> s[7] 'h' >>> s[-1] 'h' >>> s[-3] 'f' >>>
22 Lists In addition to number, Boolean, and string values, Python supports lists [ 0 ' a, n1 t ',, 2 '', tbw a3 o t,', 4,' tc h5 or, d e' 6 e,,',' 7 d, [ o4 g 8, ',,' f9 i', ve e l10] k ' ]' A comma-separated sequence of items enclosed within square brackets The items can be numbers, strings, and even other lists >>> pets = ['ant', 'bat', 'cod', 'dog', 'elk'] 'elk ] >>> lst = [0, 1, 'two', 'three', [4, 'five']] >>> nums = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10] >>>
23 List operators and functions Like strings, lists can be manipulated with operators and functions Usage x in lst x not in lst lst + lstb lst*n, n*lst lst[i] len(lst) min(lst) max(lst) sum(lst) Explanation x is an item of lst x is not an item of lst Concatenation of lst and lstb Concatenation of n copies of lst Item at index i of lst Number of items in lst Minimum item in lst Maximum item in lst Sum of items in lst >>> lst = [1, 2, 3] >>> lstb = [0, 4] >>> 4 in lst False >>> 4 not in lst >>> lst + lstb [1, 2, 3, 0, 4] >>> 2*lst [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] >>> lst[0] 1 >>> lst[1] 2 >>> lst[-1] 3 >>> len(lst) 3 >>> min(lst) 1 >>> max(lst) 3 >>> sum(lst) 6 >>> help(list...
24 Lists are mutable, strings are not Lists can be modified; they are said to be mutable pets = ['ant', 'bat', 'cod', 'cow', 'dog', 'elk'] Strings can t be modified; they are said to be immutable pet = 'cod' Introduction to Computing Using Python >>> pets = ['ant', 'bat', 'cod', 'dog', 'elk'] >>> pets[2] = 'cow' >>> pets ['ant', 'bat', 'cow', 'dog', 'elk'] >>> pets = ['ant', 'bat', 'cod', 'dog', 'elk'] 'elk ] >>> pet = 'cod' >>> lst = [0, 1, 'two', 'three', [4, 'five']] >>> pet[2] = 'w' >>> Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#155>", line 1, in <module> pet[2] = 'w' TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment >>> The elements can be numbers, strings, and even other lists
25 List methods len()and sum() are examples of functions that can be called with a list input argument; they can also be called on other type of input argument(s) There are also functions that are called on a list; such functions are called list methods (note the different syntax). Two of these methods are append and remove Later we will discuss in more detail what the difference is between a method and a function >>> lst = [1, 2, 3] >>> lst len(lst) = [1, 2, 3] >>> 3 len(lst) 3 >>> sum(lst) >>> 6 sum(lst) 6 >>> lst.append(7) >>> lst [1, 2, 3, 7] >>> lst.remove(3) ` >>> lst [1, 2, 7]
26 Usage List methods lst.append(item) lst.count(item) lst.index(item) lst.pop() lst.remove(item) lst.reverse( ) lst.sort( ) Explanation adds item to the end of lst returns the number of times item occurs in lst Returns index of (first occurrence of) item in lst Removes and returns the last item in lst Removes (the first occurrence of) item from lst Reverses the order of items in lst Sorts the items of lst in increasing order Methods append(), remove(), reverse(), and sort() do not return any value; they, along with method pop(), modify list lst >>> lst = [1, 2, 3] >>> lst.append(7) >>> lst.append(3) >>> lst [1, 2, 3, 7, 3] >>> lst.count(3) 2 >>> lst.remove(2) >>> lst [1, 3, 7, 3] >>> lst.reverse() >>> lst [3, 7, 3, 1] >>> lst.index(3) 0 >>> lst.sort() >>> lst [1, 3, 3, 7] >>> lst.remove(3) >>> lst [1, 3, 7] >>> lst.pop() 7 >>> lst [1, 3]
27 Exercise List lst is a list of prices for an item at different online retailers lst = [159.99, , , , ] a) You found another retailer selling the item for $160.00; add this price to list lst b) Compute the number of retailers selling the item for $ c) Find the minimum price in lst d) Using c), find the index of the minimum price in list lst e) Using c) remove the minimum price from list lst f) Sort list lst in increasing order >>> lst = [159.99, , , , ] >>> lst.append(160.00) >>> lst.count(160.00) 2 >>> min(lst) >>> lst.index(128.83) 3 >>> lst.remove(128.83) >>> lst [159.99, 160.0, , , 160.0] >>> lst.sort() >>> lst [159.99, 160.0, 160.0, , ] >>>
28 Objects and classes A class is a kind of data (int, list, str, ) An object is a particular value associated with a class (3, [1, 2, 3], abc ) All values in Python are objects Unlike many other programming languages An object s type determines what values it can have and how it can be manipulated Terminology: object X is of type int = object X belongs to class int
29 Values of number types An object s type determines what values it can have and how it can be manipulated An object of type int can be any integer number value (with no decimal point) Another type for numbers is called float. Any number with a decimal point is a float. >>> 3 3 >>> type(3) <class 'int'> >>> >>> type(3.) <class 'float'> >>> type(3.0) <class 'float'>
30 Input from a user Function for user input: input(prompt) where prompt is a string Example (assume the user enters Hello ) >>> inp = input( Enter a word: ) (user types Hello) >>> inp + was your input Hello was your input The user s input is always interpreted as a string Example (the user enters 1 ) >>> x = input( Enter a number: ) (user types 1) >>> x * 2 11
31 Output to a user Function: print(<output>) where <output> is a string For example: >>> print( Hello world ) Hello world
32 .py Files You can write Python statements in a file To start a new file, type Ctrl-n (hole down the Ctrl key and type n) Or, to open an existing file, Ctrl-o File name should end in.py To execute the code, hit F5 Example: Compose a file that, when loaded, will ask the user to enter 3 numbers, and prints the sum.
33 Example program Compose a file that, when loaded, will ask the user to enter 3 numbers, and prints the sum. (user input is in red) >>> Enter a number: 1 Enter a number: 2 Enter a number: 3 The sum is 6 Does anyone s program print The sum is 123
34 Conversion of types To change a string into an integer: int(<string>) For example: >>> int( 3 ) 3 Example (the user enters 1 ) >>> x = int(input( Enter a number )) >>> x * 2 2
35 Example program x = int(input( Enter a number: )) y = int(input( Enter a number: )) z = int(input( Enter a number: )) print( The sum is + (x + y + z))
36 Conversion of types, continued What if you want to print something that isn t a string? The str function does this >>> str(1) 1 For example: >>> int( 3 ) 3 >>> int( 3 ) + 2 5
37 Example using str Assume user types 3 >>> x = int(input( Enter an integer )) >>> y = x + 2 >>> print(x + ' plus 2 is ' + y) Traceback (most recent call last): File "<pyshell#58>", line 1, in <module> print(x + ' plus 2 is ' + y) TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'str' >>> print(str(x) + plus 2 is + str(y)) is 5
38 Special characters If a string contains a \, then the character after that is interpreted differently Example: \n means a newline >>> print( abc\ndef ) abc def ( \ is an escape character within print function)
39 Special characters, continued \t : tab character >>> print( abc\tdef ) abc def However: >>> abc\ndef abc\ndef ( \ is an escape character within print function)
40 Homework assignment 1 See D2L Dropbox
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