COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS WITH FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING JAN VAN EIJCK AND CHRISTINA UNGER. lg Cambridge UNIVERSITY PRESS

Transcription

1 COMPUTATIONAL SEMANTICS WITH FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING JAN VAN EIJCK AND CHRISTINA UNGER lg Cambridge UNIVERSITY PRESS ^0

2 Contents Foreword page ix Preface xiii 1 Formal Study of Natural Language The Study of Natural Language Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics The Purposes of Communication Natural Languages and Formal Languages What Formal Semantics is Not Computational Semantics and Functional Programming Overview of the Book Further Reading 14 2 Lambda Calculus, Types, and Functional Programming Sets and Set Notation Relations Functions Lambda calculus Types in Grammar and Computation Functional Programming Further reading 31 3 Functional Programming with Haskell The Programming Language Haskell Using the Book Code First Experiments Type Polymorphism Recursion List Types and List Comprehension List processing with map and filter 43 v

3 vi Contents 3.8 Function Composition, Conjunction, Disjunction, Quantification Type Classes Strings and Texts Finnish Vowel Harmony Identifiers in Haskell User-defined Data Types and Pattern Matching Application: Representing Phonemes Further Reading 62 4 Formal Syntax for Fragments 4.1 Grammars for Games 4.2 A Fragment of English 4.3 A Language for Talking about Classes Prepositional Logic Predicate Logic Predicate Logical Formulas in Haskell Adding Function Symbols 4.8 Further Reading 5 Formal Semantics for Fragments 5.1 Semantics of Sea Battle 5.2 Semantics of Prepositional Logic 5.3 Prepositional Reasoning in Haskell Semantics of Mastermind Semantics of Predicate Logic Semantics of Natural Language Fragments An Inference Engine with a Natural Language Interface Further Reading Model Checking with Predicate Logic Linguistic Form and Translation Into 125 Logic 6.2 Predicate Logic as Representation Language 6.3 Representing a Model for Predicate Logic 6.4 Evaluating Formulas in Models Evaluating Formulas with Structured Terms Further Reading The Composition of Meaning in Natural Language Rules of the Game Quantification The Language of Typed Logic and Its Semantics Reducing Expressions of Typed Logic Typed Meanings for Natural Language 173

4 Contents vii 7.6 Implementing Semantic Interpretation Handling Ambiguity Further Reading 8 Extension and Intension Sense and Reference, Intension and Extension Intensional Interpretation Intensional Constructs Intensionalization Intensional Models from Extensional Models Further Reading Parsing Talking About Parse Trees Recognizing and Parsing Context-Free Languages Parsers and Parser Combinators Features and Categories Lexical Lookup and Scanning Parsing Categories 9.7 Handling Extractions Adding Semantics Further Reading Handling Relations and Scoping Interpreting NP Lists Generalized Relations Boolean Algebras of Relations Flexible Types for NP Interpretations 10.5 Scope Reversal of Quantifiers Interpreting Verbs as Arbitrary Arity Relations Relational Interpretation of NPs Quantifier Scoping Underspecified Logical Form Further Reading Continuation Passing Style Semantics Continuation Passing Style Programming Continuations as Abstractions over Context Continuizing a Grammar Implementing a Continuized Grammar Scope Reversal by Means of Continuations Further Reading 301

5 viii Contents 12 Discourse Representation and Context The Dynamics of Pronoun Linking Abstraction over Context Continuizing the Account Implementing Discourse Representation From Structure Trees to Dynamic Interpretation Salience Implementing Reference Resolution Further Reading Communication as tnformative Action Knowledge and Communication Reasoning About Knowledge and Ignorance A Language for Talking About (Common) Knowledge Presuppositions and Common Knowledge Adding Public Change Yes/No Questions and Their Answers Epistemic Model Checking Further Reading 385 Afterword 387 Bibliography 389 Index 397